Objective To compare the efficacy and side effect of radiotherapy and radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy for esophageal carcinoma. Methods 90 patients with esophageal carcinoma were randomly divided into tow groups: control group 45 patients and combined therapy group 45 patients. Radiotherapy was performed on the control group, radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy which consisted of Carboplatin, 5-Fluorouracil and Hydroxycamptothecine were carried out the combined group. The two groups were under the same technical conditions and radiation dose. Three radiation fields were performed on both two groups at 200 cGy each time. The total radiation dose were 6 400 ~ 6 800 cGy. Results The local tumor control rate of combined group were higher than control group markedly. The acute gastrointestinal tract reaction and myetlosuppression were more serious than the control group. However, the late radiation reaction were not significance between the two groups. The main late reaction were radiation esophageal stricture and lung fibrosis. Conclusion Radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy is able to enhance the local control rate, 1 year and 3 years survival rate for esophageal carcinoma, but the acute side effect also increased and the late reaction were not increased.

Objective To establish an adriamycin resistant human colon cancer cell line SW480 (SW480/ADM),and study their drug resistance mechanism and reversal.Methods An (ADM-resistant) human colon carcinoma cell line SW480/ADM was induced by continuously exposing human colon carcinoma cell line SW480 to gradually increasing doses of Adriamycin(ADM). The multidrug (resistance) of SW480/ADM was evaluated by MTT assay. The distribution of its cell cycle, the expressions of (P-gp), multidrug resistance-(associated) protein(MRP) and GSH/GST were detected by flow cytometry. ADM content in the SW480/ADM was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Results Compared with parental cell line SW480, the SW480/ADM cell line had a slower growth rate and longer doubling time,and (distribution) of its cell cycle had changed. SW480/ADM was resistant to many anti-tumor agents. IC_(50) of ADM of SW480/ADM cells was 13.22 times higher than that of parental cell line SW480, and the (expressions) of P-gp,MRP and GSH/GST were enhanced significantly(P

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of zoledronic acid combined with radiotherapy for bone meta-static cancer. Methods 71 cases with bone metastatic cancer were randomly divided into observation group (40 ca-ses) and control group (31 cases). The observation group was treated with zoledronic acid, 4 mg intravenously and local radiotherapy. The control group was treatd by radiotherapy alone. Results Pain relief was noted in 90% pa-tients in the observation group and 83.9% in the control group, respectively. The statistical difference was not signif-icant(P > 0.05). After the treatment had finished 3 months pain alleviation situation:Pain relief was noted in 87.5% patients in the observation group and 67.7% in the control group, respectively. The difference between the two groups was significant(χ2 =4.09, P =0.043). No serious radiotherapy and serious adverse drug reactions was found. Conclusion Zoledronic acid combined with radiotherapy was superior to radiotherapy alone for metastatic cancer bone pain relief, analgesic effect maintain a longer time.

Objective To observe the clinical characteristic and prognosis of primary lung cancer patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE).Methods 589 primary lung cancer patients were selected and divided into VTE group(n =49) and non VTE group(n =540).49 cases with VTE were divided into pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) group(n =15),including single PTE and PTE combined with deep venous thrombosis(DVT) and DVT group (n =34).Single factor and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the factors influencing primary lung cancer patients with VTE.Clinical manifestation,time of onset and prognosis of patients with VTE were analyzed.Results 49 patients with VTE included 10 patients(20.4％) with single PTE,34 patients(69.4％) with single DVT and 5 PTE patients combined with DVT(10.2％).D-dimer(OR =1.560,95％ CI =1.018 ～ 2.392,x2 =4.161,P =0.041),interleukin-1 (IL-1,OR =1.846,95％ CI =1.054-3.234,x2 =4.594,P =0.033),tumor necrosis factor (TNF OR =1.486,95％ CI =1.014-2.178,x2 =4.126,P =0.042),adenocarcinoma (OR =2.854,95％CI=1.217-6.695,x2 =5.812,P=0.016) and phase Ⅲ-Ⅳ(OR =2.198,95％CI=1.122-4.305,x2 =5.272,P =0.022) were the factors influencing primary lung cancer patients with VTE.Chest tightness,coughing,accelerated heart rate,swelling and pain in lower limb were common clinical manifestations of primary lung cancer patients with VTE.Most patients with VTE occurred within 3 months after a diagnosis of primary lung cancer.There was no significant difference in the time of onset between PTE group and DVT group(P ＞0.05).As of July 2014,31 cases (63.2％) died,12 cases (24.5 ％) survived,and 6 cases (12.2％) lost in 49 patients with VTE.The median survival time of 49 patients with VTE was 9.5 months.The median survival time of PTE group was 5.8 months,while DVT group was 15.2 months,but no significant difference between them (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Increased D-dimer,increased IL-1,increased TNF,adenocarcinoma and phase Ⅲ-Ⅳ could increase the risk of primary lung cancer patients with VTE.There were little typical.clinical symptoms in most patients with VTE,which occurred with in 3 months after a diagnosis of primary lung cancer.They had high mortality and needed to take early diagnosis and treatment through auxiliary examination.

Objective To evaluate the effects and toxic side-effects of radiotherapy combined with xeloda or carboplatin respectively for locally advanced esophagus carcinoma.Methods 74 cases with locally advanced esophagus carcinoma were randomly allocated into two groups.One group received radiotherapy combined with Xeloda,500mg at a time,twice a day,taken orally from the beginning of radiotherapy till end of treatment.The second group received radiotherapy combined with Carboplatin by intravenous drip at 100mg a day,for 5 days,from the first week of radiotherapy.Results The overall response rate in the radiotherapy combined with Xeloda group was 91.4％ and 89.7％ in the radiotherapy combined with Carboplatin group.The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant(P ＞0.05 ).Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed no statistically significant differences in survival between the two groups.The toxic side-effects of gastrointestinal tract,reaction myelosuppression and late radiation reaction were notably alleviated in the Xeloda group compared with the Carboplatin group.Conclusion Compared with Carboplatin,Xeloda combined with radiotherapy had less toxic side-effects for treatment of advanced esophagus carcinoma,with an equal local control rate,which worthy of clinical application.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and the major toxic effect of radiotherapy combined with docetaxol and cisplatin respectively in the treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods 98 patients with locally advanced NSCLC were randomly divided into two groups.All of the patients were treated with 3D-CRT.One group was treated combined with docetaxel,20mg/m2,every week,totally 6 times.The other group was treated combined with cisplatin,30mg/m2,every week,totally 6 times.The total dose was 60 ～66Gy,2Gy/F,5 times each week for 5 ～7 weeks.The clinical effect and the major toxic effect between two groups were compared.Results The median survival time in group that treated with docetaxol was 17.2 months,median progression-free survival time was 13.5 months,and the 1,2 and 3-year survival rates of the patients were 78.6％,35.7％ and 19.5％ respectively.The median survival time in group that treated with cisplatin was 16 months,median progression-free survival time was 16.5 months,and the 1,2 and 3-year survival rates of the patients were 74％,34％ and 20％ respectively.The differences between two group were not stetisticelly significant( P ＞0.05 ).However,the side effect of the stomach and intestine and late radiation complication in group treated with docetaxol were slighter than those in group treated with cisplatin.Conclusion The clinical effect of radiotherapy combined with docetaxol in the treatment of locally advanced NSCLC was equal to radiotherapy combined with cisplatin.But radiotherapy combined with docetaxol has a slighter and acceptable toxic effect,which was worth the clinical application.

Objective To establish the cell line from specimens of resectable human gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and to verify the characteristics of cell biology in vitro. Methods The tissues from biopsies of human GIST were cultured in RPMI 1640 media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. After growing to 90% confluence,the cells were detached for subculture and their characteristics,including morphology,growth kinetics,karyotype analysis,immunohistochemical analysis and tumorigenicity in nude mice were determined. Results GIST named GIST-H1 was successfully established. The cell line was passaged for more than 60 times 1 year. The characteristics demonstrated: The population doubling time calculated in the log phase of growth was 47.5 h. The cloning efficiency in the soft agar averaged 24.8%.Electronmicroscopically,there were rich ribosomes and mitochondrion in the cytoplasm. Immunohistochemical analysis showed CD117(+),SMA(+),dog-1(+),CD34(-),and S-100(-).Karyotype analysis illustrated aneuploidy with the modal chromosomal number 60-98.The GIST cells transplanted in nude mice had high tumorigenicity. Conclusion The immortalized GIST cells are devoloped in vitro and have specific characteristics of GIST.

Objective To improve the non?surgical N staging system for esophageal carcinoma ( EC) . Methods A retrospective analysis was performed in 501 patients newly diagnosed with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who received radiotherapy in our hospital from 2009 to 2013. The impacts of the supraclavicular lymph nodes and mediastinal lymph nodes on the overall survival ( OS) rate were analyzed. The original non?surgical N staging system was improved and the proposed N staging system was evaluated. The OS rates were calculated using the Kaplan?Meier method and analyzed using the log?rank test. The univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the log?rank test and Cox regression model, respectively. Results The 3?and 5?year sample sizes were 404 and 205, respectively. In all patients, the 1?, 3?, and 5?year OS rates were 64?9%, 26?5%, and 18?3%, respectively;the 1?, 3?, and 5?year distant metastasis?free ( DMF) rates were 86?2%, 68?9%, and 67?3%, respectively;the 1?, 3?, and 5?year local control rates were 72?7%, 53?1%, and 43?6%, respectively. The univariate analysis showed that the incidence, 3?year OS rate, and 3?year DMF rate of supraclavicular lymph node metastases in patients with cervical and upper?thoracic EC were significantly higher than those in patients with middle?thoracic and lower?thoracic EC ( 25?7% vs. 14?2%, P=0?034;24?2% vs. 11?5%, P=0?016;84?8% vs. 69?2%, P=0?007) . The multivariate analysis also showed that the number of metastatic lymph nodes was an independent prognostic factor for the OS and DMF rates in patients ( P= 0?000;P= 0?007 ) . Conclusions It is reasonable to classify upper?thoracic EC with supraclavicular lymph node metastasis into stage N1 diseases. The proposed N staging system with the factor of the number of metastatic lymph nodes is more scientific and objective than the original N staging system.

Objective To compare of clinical effect between radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy and investigate the prognostic factors in elderly patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer.Methods 229 elderly patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer who received radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy from January 2009 to December 2013 were retrospective analyzed.The Local control rate and survival rate were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method,and the short effect and long term effect between radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy were compared.Cox regression model was used for invariant analysis and multivariate analysis.Results The follow up time was 15.3months.The short effect of radiotherapy group was not better than that of chemoradiotherapy group,with CR 35.6％ vs 45.8％,RR 61.0％ vs 53.0％,SD 2.7％ vs 0 and PD 0.7％ vs 1.2％ (P=0.211).The 1-,2-,3-year local control rates of radiotherapy group were significantly poorer than that of chemoradiotherapy group,with 82.8 ％,60.5 ％ and 52.7％ vs 89.5％,85.4％ vs 80.9％,respectively (P=0.009).However,there were no significance difference between the 1-,2-,3-year survival rates of radiotherapy group and chemoradiotherapy group,with 66.4％,29.5％,17.1％ vs.65.9％,40.3 ％,30.8 ％,respectively (P =0.071).In invariant analysis,T stage,N stage,clinical stage and radiotherapy dose (＜ 60 Gy,60 ～66 Gy,＞66 Gy) were related with the prognosis of esophageal carcinoma.The COX regression model showed that T stage,N stage and radiotherapy dose were independent prognostic factors that effected survival rate.Conclusion In elderly patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer,chemoradiotherapy can improve the local control rates,but not benefit the survival rate.T stage,N stage and radiotherapy dose were independent prognostic factors that effected survival rate,which could provided evidence for prognosis judgement and clinical practice.

AIM: Eight melanoma cell lines were establi sh ed from human melanoma specimen and designated as HME 1-HME 8, and their charact eristics of cell biology and immunology in vitro were studied. METHODS: The tissues from biopsies of human melanoma were cultur ed in RPMI 1640 media. After growing to 90% confluence, the cells were detached for subculture and then their characteristics, including morphology, growth kine tic, tumor antigen and tumorigencity in nude mice were studied. RESULTS: These cell lines have been passaged more than 100 times within 2 years. Their characteristics demonstrated: ① The population doubling time calculated in the log phase of growth were 34.2-59.5 h. ② The cloning ef ficiency in soft agar averaged 8.6%-26.2%. ③ The melanoma cells transplan t ed in nude mice were high tumorigencity. ④ Karyo-type analysis showed that aneu ploidy with the modal chromosomal number 64-117. ⑤ Rich ribosomes and melanoid grains in the cytoplasm were observed under electronic microscope. ⑥ Immunohist ochemistry analysis showed that there were a lot of brown grains in the cytoplas m. ⑦ Detection of tumor-antigen demonstrated that melan-A antigen was 75.0%, M AGE-1 was 50.0%, MAGE-2 was 37.5%, MAGE-3 was 62.5%, respectively, for eight melanoma cell lines. CONCLUSION: The melanoma cells have immortalized after being cul tured in vitro and has specific characteristics of malignant melanoma.