Humans ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; Heart Failure ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology* ; Apoptosis

Brain Edema ; etiology ; Female ; Heart Failure ; etiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Pneumonia ; complications ; Pulmonary Edema ; etiology

Atrial Fibrillation ; blood ; etiology ; Heart Failure ; blood ; etiology ; Humans ; Morbidity ; Uric Acid ; blood

Child ; Encephalitis, Viral ; pathology ; Enterovirus A, Human ; Enterovirus Infections ; complications ; Heart Failure ; etiology ; Humans ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; etiology

Ascites ; complications ; etiology ; Heart Failure ; complications ; etiology ; Hemochromatosis ; complications ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Middle Aged

Autopsy ; Female ; Heart Failure ; etiology ; pathology ; Humans ; Infant ; Myocardial Infarction ; etiology ; pathology ; Vascular Calcification ; complications ; pathology

Adolescent ; Cardiomyopathies ; complications ; diagnosis ; Echocardiography ; Heart Failure ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Heart Ventricles ; abnormalities ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVETo investigate the application of echocardiography diagnosis of fetal cardiac structural abnormalities.

METHODSThe echocardiography findings of 9 352 fetus were studied.

RESULTSA total of 472 cases showed cardiac structural abnormalities, including 7 cases of ventricular septal defect, 53 cases of atrioventricular septal defect, 49 cases of atrial septal defect, 26 cases of tetralogy of Fallot, 21 cases of persistent truncus arteriosus, 20 cases of Ebstein's anomaly and 206 cases of other cardiac abnormalities. There were 17 cases with cardiac arrhythmia, 9 with heart failure, and 5 with hydrops.

CONCLUSIONSFetal echocardiography is a promising diagnostic tool for prenatal evaluation of cardiac structural abnormalities. The echocardiography diagnosis and evaluation for fetal congenital cardiovascular malformations is the foundation of the guidance and monitoring in intrauterine fetal cardiac intervention.

Adult ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; etiology ; Echocardiography ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; Heart Failure ; etiology ; Humans ; Hydrops Fetalis ; etiology ; Pregnancy ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists ; Heart Failure/etiology* ; Humans ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/complications*

Animals ; Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy ; adverse effects ; Dogs ; Heart Failure ; therapy ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; etiology