Aortic Valve ; pathology ; Calcinosis ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; pathology ; Heart Valve Diseases ; pathology ; Humans

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a significant complication of congenital heart disease, which carries a recognized risk of morbidity and mortality. There have been remarkable advances in the field of pulmonary arterial hypertension over the past several decades. At the third world symposium on pulmonary arterial hypertension held in Venice, Italy, 2003, congenital cardiac shunts were classified in the same group as idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. This article discusses the recent advances in understanding the pathology, pathobiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated pediatric congenital heart disease.
Diagnosis ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Diseases* ; Heart* ; Hypertension* ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; Italy ; Mortality ; Pathology ; Pediatrics

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a significant complication of congenital heart disease, which carries a recognized risk of morbidity and mortality. There have been remarkable advances in the field of pulmonary arterial hypertension over the past several decades. At the third world symposium on pulmonary arterial hypertension held in Venice, Italy, 2003, congenital cardiac shunts were classified in the same group as idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. This article discusses the recent advances in understanding the pathology, pathobiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension associated pediatric congenital heart disease.
Diagnosis ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Heart Diseases* ; Heart* ; Hypertension* ; Hypertension, Pulmonary ; Italy ; Mortality ; Pathology ; Pediatrics

MRI is useful for demonstrating the anatomy of various congenital cardiac lesions and plays an important role in the diagnosis of congenital cardiac lesions. Its large field of view and unlimited imaging planes enable the depiction of complex lesions, the complicated three-dimensional relations of the cardiac chambers and anomalies of the central pulmonary arteries, the systemic and pulmonary veins, and aorta. We describe the normal MR anatomy and MR imaging findings of a variety of congenital pathologies of the heart, in order to provide a better understanding and facilitate the interpretation of the MR features of various congenital heart diseases.
Aorta ; Diagnosis ; Heart ; Heart Defects, Congenital* ; Heart Diseases ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Pathology ; Pulmonary Artery ; Pulmonary Veins

Right-sided cardiac valvular diseases have traditionally been considered less important than disease of mitral or aortic valve. However, severe tricuspid regurgitation could lead to right ventricle dysfunction and reduce patients' survival rate. In clinic setting, tricuspid valve disease should be paid more attention for patients with secondary tricuspid regurgitation caused by left-sided valvular surgery combined with irreversible annular dilatation increasing the risk of reoperation. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology, anatomy, pathology, diagnosis, ultrasound and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with tricuspid regurgitation.
Echocardiography ; Heart ; Heart Valve Diseases ; diagnosis ; Heart Ventricles ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Adolescent ; Heart Valve Diseases ; etiology ; Heart Valves ; pathology ; Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; complications ; pathology ; Male

Adult ; Diverticulum ; complications ; Echocardiography ; methods ; Heart Diseases ; diagnosis ; Heart Ventricles ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Young Adult

Since the first valve replacement was performed by Albert Starr more than 4 decades ago, the operative technique has remained largely the same. Differences in surgical technique have more to do with surgeon's preference than difference in long-term outcome. The common cause of valvular heart disease was changed from rheumatic disease to degenerative disease. Indications for intervention on the valves have become more clearly defined, however, the appropriateness of repair versus replacement remains an issue. The most significant change in treatment of patients with advanced valve pathology has resulted from the realization that most degenerative mitral valves with severe regurgitation can be repaired with precision and durability. Replacement remains the standard of care for patients with severe rheumatic mitral pathology and most aortic valve pathology. Important technical issues regarding artificial valve replacement concern the surgical approach, method, and extent of valvular pathology, and management of an extensive calcified mitral annulus and a small aortic root.
Aortic Valve ; Heart Valve Diseases ; Heart Valve Prosthesis ; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation ; Heart, Artificial* ; Humans ; Mitral Valve ; Pathology ; Rheumatic Diseases ; Standard of Care

Since the first valve replacement was performed by Albert Starr more than 4 decades ago, the operative technique has remained largely the same. Differences in surgical technique have more to do with surgeon's preference than difference in long-term outcome. The common cause of valvular heart disease was changed from rheumatic disease to degenerative disease. Indications for intervention on the valves have become more clearly defined, however, the appropriateness of repair versus replacement remains an issue. The most significant change in treatment of patients with advanced valve pathology has resulted from the realization that most degenerative mitral valves with severe regurgitation can be repaired with precision and durability. Replacement remains the standard of care for patients with severe rheumatic mitral pathology and most aortic valve pathology. Important technical issues regarding artificial valve replacement concern the surgical approach, method, and extent of valvular pathology, and management of an extensive calcified mitral annulus and a small aortic root.
Aortic Valve ; Heart Valve Diseases ; Heart Valve Prosthesis ; Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation ; Heart, Artificial* ; Humans ; Mitral Valve ; Pathology ; Rheumatic Diseases ; Standard of Care

Amyloidosis ; complications ; pathology ; Heart Diseases ; etiology ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged