There have been increasing demands for innovative learning and teaching approaches in higher education. Many educators in various fields of study have been teaching their students using deliberate and careful combination of face to face and online leaning processes or blended learning. However, in the field of public health, the use of the blended learning seems to be fewer. For public health educators and trainers to maximize the potential of this approach, it could be significant to consider the broad and increasingly expanding scope of public health. Furthemore, studies should be done to identify the factors that drive the achievement of educational outcomes in this field.

Health Educators ; Public Health ; Health Education ; Learning

Diabetes educators give patients with diabetes the knowledge, skills and tools they need to manage their diabetes. Also, they can help these patients avoid many of the complications associated with the disease. The diabetes education team is involved not only in coordinating the ongoing care of patients, but also in educating and counseling patients on medication and management of illness. This systematic review suggests the benefit of diabetes education on glycemic control and health outcome when compared with usual care. Additional studies are needed to delineate these findings further.
Counseling ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Education* ; Health Educators ; Humans

PURPOSE: This study was to survey the recognition for the roles of health educator and knowledge about the examination system in health college students at a university located in Chungnam. METHODS: The participants were 140 health college students. The survey was conducted using a questionnaire consists of 10 items. The knowledge about the examination system was checked for 9 items with a five-point scale. Recognition for the roles of health educator was divided into four categories from know very well to do not know at all. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 program. RESULTS: In this study, the mean score of knowledge about the examination system was 1.95 points out of 5, and the mean score of recognition for the roles of health educator was 3.01 points out of 4. According to the general characteristics, there were statistically significant differences in their knowledge about the examination system for health educator regarding their gender (p=.034) and grade (p<.001). Recognition for the roles of health educator showed a statistically significant difference only in their grade (p<.001). CONCLUSION: These results provide the basic data to prepare the necessary measures for the revitalization and promotion of the health educators.
Chungcheongnam-do ; Cognition ; Health Educators* ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: When patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are first referred to a hospital from primary health care clinics, physicians have to decide whether to administer an oral hypoglycemic agent (OHA) immediately or postpone a medication change in favor of diabetes education regarding diet or exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of diabetes education alone (without alterations in diabetes medication) on blood glucose levels. METHODS: The study was conducted between January 2009 and December 2013 and included patients with DM. The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were evaluated at the first visit and after 3 months. During the first medical examination, a designated doctor also conducted a diabetes education session that mainly covered dietary management. RESULTS: Patients were divided into those who received no diabetic medications (n=66) and those who received an OHA (n=124). Education resulted in a marked decrease in HbA1c levels in the OHA group among patients who had DM for <1 year (from 7.0%±1.3% to 6.6%±0.9%, P=0.0092) and for 1 to 5 years (from 7.5%±1.8% to 6.9%±1.1%, P=0.0091). Those with DM >10 years showed a slightly lower HbA1c target achievement rate of <6.5% (odds ratio, 0.089; P=0.0024). CONCLUSION: For patients who had DM for more than 5 years, higher doses or changes in medication were more effective than intensive active education. Therefore, individualized and customized education are needed for these patients. For patients with a shorter duration of DM, it may be more effective to provide initial intensive education for diabetes before prescribing medicines, such as OHAs.
Blood Glucose ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diet ; Education* ; Health Educators ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated ; Humans ; Primary Health Care

Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) greatly improves measurement efficiency in high-stakes testing operations through the selection and administration of test items with the difficulty level that is most relevant to each individual test taker. This paper explains the 3 components of a conventional CAT item selection algorithm: test content balancing, the item selection criterion, and item exposure control. Several noteworthy methodologies underlie each component. The test script method and constrained CAT method are used for test content balancing. Item selection criteria include the maximized Fisher information criterion, the b-matching method, the a-stratification method, the weighted likelihood information criterion, the efficiency balanced information criterion, and the Kullback-Leibler information criterion. The randomesque method, the Sympson-Hetter method, the unconditional and conditional multinomial methods, and the fade-away method are used for item exposure control. Several holistic approaches to CAT use automated test assembly methods, such as the shadow test approach and the weighted deviation model. Item usage and exposure count vary depending on the item selection criterion and exposure control method. Finally, other important factors to consider when determining an appropriate CAT design are the computer resources requirement, the size of item pools, and the test length. The logic of CAT is now being adopted in the field of adaptive learning, which integrates the learning aspect and the (formative) assessment aspect of education into a continuous, individualized learning experience. Therefore, the algorithms and technologies described in this review may be able to help medical health educators and high-stakes test developers to adopt CAT more actively and efficiently.
Animals ; Cats ; Education ; Health Educators ; Humans ; Learning ; Logic ; Methods ; Patient Selection ; Retinoscopy ; Test Taking Skills

International injection recommendations for patients with diabetes have recently been published and have identified specific recommendations for health care professionals. The purpose of this article is to provide evidence-based insight based in relevant papers that provide useful information for the questions that educators in the field of insulin injection training may have. Research regarding skin and subcutaneous thickness reveals that shorter needles may be appropriate for the majority of patients regardless of body mass index. With respect to reusing needles, further research is needed to provide evidence that this is safe. Periodic reassessment of injection techniques, including suspension of cloudy insulin and inspection of injection sites for lipohypertrophy, is a critical aspect of the role of the diabetes educator. Education of diabetic patients should be conducted throughout their lives. It will be necessary to continually review each patient's social, economic, and physical needs as they change over time and modify their care and education needs accordingly.
Body Mass Index ; Delivery of Health Care ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Education ; Health Educators ; Humans ; Insulin* ; Needles ; Patient Education as Topic ; Skin

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the needs for children's health promotion education programs as perceived by child care center teachers and mothers. METHODS: This study conducted a survey of 88 child care center teachers and 70 mothers of preschool children in Seoul from January 4 to February 5, 2016. This study aimed to characterize the current conditions of health promotion education for preschool children and the needs for health promotion education as perceived by child care center teachers and mothers of preschool children. RESULTS: Areas of high need for health promotion education included lifestyle improvements for preventing diseases in children and awareness of the importance of health in educational objectives, standardized educational manuals, health educators as educators, child care centers as educational places, local health centers as educational support organizations, regular class hours as educational time, role play for training, and actual models in the educational medium. The educational subjects for which a high need was reported included safety and accident prevention, the role of smartphones and TV watching in mental health, and personal hygiene and disease prevention. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that it is necessary to develop a health promotion education program for preschool children.
Accident Prevention ; Child ; Child Care* ; Child Health* ; Child* ; Child, Preschool ; Education* ; Health Education ; Health Educators ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Life Style ; Mental Health ; Mothers* ; Needs Assessment ; Seoul ; Smartphone

PURPOSE: To reilluminate academic fundamentals and missions of child health nursing (CHN). METHODS: Critical review of literature. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: The academic fundamentals of CHN were analyzed for three different basis; philosophical, theoretical, and legal & ethical basis. The philosophical basis of CHN was summarized as six beliefs; A child is an important human resource and a valuable asset for future society; A child should be respected as a unique and dignified human being; A child has his/her own unique developmental needs; A child is a vulnerable client and should be advocated for; Atraumatic care should be provided to each child; Child health care should be family-centered. The essence of the theoretical basis were reilluminated into caring theory and client advocacy theory. The legal basis of CHN was stated as pertaining to the various child-related laws and international conventions, such as UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. The ethical basis were stated as 4 principles of biomedical ethics and The UNESCO Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights. The mission of the CHN was stated and the role of CHN was described as one who is a child rights advocator, professional caring service provider, policy maker, health educator, researcher.
Administrative Personnel ; Bioethics ; Child ; Child Welfare* ; Child* ; Health Educators ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Missions and Missionaries* ; Nursing* ; United Nations

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare smoking prevalence and risk factors of smoking between Korean and Korean-Chinese middle school students. METHODS: Data was collected from seventh and eighth grade students from 12 schools in Korea and 6 schools in China. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and t test were performed. RESULTS: For data analysis 10,002 usable surveys were utilized. The smoking prevalence was higher in Korean-Chinese students than in Korean students. Risk factors, such as father smoking, friends smoking, gender, grade, academic achievement, alcohol use, and family income were associated with current smoking, and the differences in the two samples were significant. Korean-Chinese students were more likely than Korean students to have friends who smoked and a father who smoked. Smokers had a significantly higher rate of friends smoking, father smoking, and alcohol use. Korean-Chinese male students smoking prevalence was more than three times higher than Korean students. Korean students could sense a more anti-tobacco atmosphere in their environment. Korean-Chinese students were more likely than Korean students to perceive that it was easy to buy cigarettes and to smoke cigarettes in a public computer room. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the differences of smoking prevalence and risk factors between Korean-Chinese students and Korean students. The findings may help health educators and researchers to better understand adolescent smoking and risk factors cross culturally and aid in the development of more effective education programs, which could lead to preventing tobacco use among these populations.
Achievement ; Adolescent ; Atmosphere ; China ; Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Fathers ; Friends ; Health Educators ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Statistics as Topic ; Tobacco ; Tobacco Products

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the impact of health educators' intervention on knowledge, attitude and behavior among rural residents and the feasibility of this intervention mode.

METHODSUsing stratified cluster random sampling method, three towns and five villages in Yongchuan district, Chongqing municipality were selected from February to November, 2013. One or two health educators from each village were recruited by recommendation or voluntary registration. A total of 30 health educators were recruited and trained. Health educators who passed the exam of the training conducted the intervention and training of knowledge and skill about non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention and control for over 30 rural residents who lived nearby aged over 18 years old, could take care of themselves and complete questionnaire independently. 900 residents were selected as the study samples before and after the intervention. Questionnaire surveys were conducted before and after the intervention to evaluate the effect. Changes of knowledge and behavior among participants were compared by Chi-square test. Changes of attitude towards NCD prevention and control among participants were compared by two independent t-test.

RESULTSBefore and after the intervention, the cognition rate about diagnostic criteria of hypertension among rural adults was 29.8% (268/900) and 67.9% (611/900), respectively(χ(2)=261.58, P<0.001). The cognition rate about risk factors of hypertension was 22.9% (206/900) and 78.2% (704/900), respectively(χ(2)=551.19, P<0.001). The cognition rate about the prevention measure of hypertension was 37.2% (335/900) and 88.0% (792/900) , respectively(χ(2)=495.64, P<0.001). The cognition rate about complications of hypertension was 15.4% (139/900) and 68.9% (620/900), respectively(χ(2)=527.07, P<0.001). The cognition rate about diagnostic criteria of diabetes was 12.9% (116/900) and 50.3% (453/900), respectively(χ(2)=291.85, P<0.001). The cognition rate about the criteria of risk population of diabetes was 8.6% (77/900) and 62.0% (558/900), respectively(χ(2)=562.94, P<0.001). The cognition rate about the symptom of diabetes was 29.8% (268/900) and 83.3% (750/900), respectively(χ(2)=525.31, P<0.001). The cognition about the preventive measure of diabetes was 44.7% (402/900) and 89.3% (804/900), respectively(χ(2)=406.06, P<0.001). The cognition rate about 6 g salt intake per person per day among rural adults was 28.0% (252/900) and 84.3% (759/900), respectively(χ(2)=580.04, P<0.001). The cognition about 25 g oil intake per person per day among rural adults was 26.7% (240/900) and 71.4% (643/900), respectively(χ(2)=361.04, P<0.001). The cognition about self-perception of body weight among rural adults was 62.9% (566/900) and 91.9% (827/900), respectively (χ(2)=216.28, P<0.001). The cognition about self-circumference among rural adult was 54.8% (493/900) and 87.7% (789/900), respectively(χ(2)=237.49, P<0.001). The cognition rate of self-blood pressure was 60.5% (544/900) and 70.4% (634/900), respectively(χ(2)=14.92, P<0.001). Before and after the intervention, the scores of the necessity about conducting health education for the public among rural adults was (3.1±0.9 ) and (3.7±0.5 ), respectively(t=20.09, P<0.001). The score of the necessity about unhealthy lifestyle change among rural adults was (3.0±0.9 ) and (3.7±0.6), respectively(t=20.84, P<0.001). The score of the necessity about testing blood pressure and blood glucose regularly among rural adults was (3.0±0.9) and (3.7±0.6), respectively(t=21.07, P<0.001). The score of the necessity about body weight control was (2.9±1.0) and (3.6± 0.8), respectively(t=20.04, P<0.001). The score of the necessity about conducting hypertension screen among high risk population was (3.0±0.9) and (3.7±0.5), respectively(t=22.99, P<0.001). The score of the necessity about conducting diabetes screen among high risk population was (3.0 ± 0.9) and (3.7 ± 0.5), respectively(t=23.22, P<0.001). The score of the necessity about providing instruction service of diet and physical activity for high risk population was (3.0±0.9) and (3.7±0.5), respectively(t=22.41 and 22.87, P< 0.001). Before and after the intervention, the proportion of rural adults seeking counseling service about NCD was 44.0% (396/900) and 64.9% (584/900), respectively(χ(2)=79.17, P<0.001). The proportion of rural adults testing blood pressure in the recent six months was 43.4% (391/900) and 63.1% (568/900), respectively(χ(2)=69.92, P<0.001). The proportion of rural adults who tested blood glucose in the recent six months was 28.6%(257/900) and 48.1% (433/900), respectively(χ(2)=72.80,P<0.001). The proportion of rural adults who controlled body weight consciously was 34.7%(312/900) and 29.3% (264/900), respectively(χ(2)= 5.88,P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONHealth educators' intervention could raise rural participants' awareness and confidence about NCD significantly, but this intervention mode might have little impact on healthy behaviors change in a short time.

Adult ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; China ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Diet ; Health Behavior ; Health Education ; Health Educators ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Life Style ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Self Concept ; Surveys and Questionnaires