Background: Patient safety has a direct impact on the patient’s health and life, so all members of the hospital should consider it first. Patient safety accidents are often occured by organizational problems rather than individual medical personnel. Therefore, effective interprofessional collaboration(IPC) among experts is essential, so interprofessional education(IPE) is considered important. Methods: : A prospective study method of one-group pretest-posttest design was used that provides IPE using active learning-oriented teaching methods for health workers in various occupations of various hospitals, and evaluates self-efficacy, communication confidence, and attitude toward IPE. Results: : 17 trainees from 8 hospitals were evaluated. First, the average of the awareness of patient safety culture was 3.62 points. Next, the score of each indicators increased in the pre-post evaluation. The average of communication confidence was from 3.73 to 3.95 points, self-efficacy was from 3.99 to 4.11 points, and attitude toward IPE was from 4.44 to 4.52 points, but not significant. Conclusions This study would have a great significance in that it was conducted on health workers in various occupations of various hospitals. As a result of a pre and post education survey conducted with trainees, the score was improved in communication confidence, self-efficacy, and attitude toward IPE. It seems to be due to the use of active learning teaching methods, and the active participation of trainees.

Background: It is important to communicate accurately in the emergency department. Due to COVID-19 pandemic, a mask is mandatory to protect medical staffs and patients from infectious diseases, and the mask is known to disturb speech intelligibility. The objective of this study is to find out if a transparent mask can affect communication. Methods: : We conducted a randomized pre- and post-test trial with 40 participants in a real emergency room environment. The reader puts on a mask and read aloud sentences which are frequently used between medical staffs and patients or among medical staffs. The type of mask was randomly assigned to the reader which was transparent or non-transparent. Frequently used 5 sentences between medical staffs and patients and 5 sentences among medical staffs from prepared 100 sentences were randomly selected and recited. Participants were told to write down the sentences they heard. Each sentence written down was graded 0 or 1. After writing down 10 sentences, reader puts on another type of mask and the same experiment was done. The order of transparenton-transparent mask was randomly allocated to each participant. Results: : In frequently used sentences between medical staffs and patient, average score with a transparent mask was 4.88, and with a non-transparent mask was 4.50(p=0.001). In frequently used sentences among medical staffs, average score with a transparent was 4.77, and with a non-transparent mask was 4.05(p<0.001). Conclusions This study showed the transparent mask improves speech intelligibility when communicating in an emergency room.

Background: : Since primary emergency treatment should be performed appropriately and promptly, efficient and accurate communication between paramedics and medical staff is paramount to a successful primary emergency treatment and patient handover. The problem of the training program in Korea is that it concentrates more on in-class lectures, often delivered by non-medical specialists, who may lack in practical experience and without proper communication training. To solve this problem, we have devised a simulation based training that focuses on event debriefings and two-way communication. Methods: : 62 paramedics from 3 stations enrolled in the study. 4 different courses with different emergency situations were created and each course was taken twice resulting in a total of 8 classes. All courses were based on actual cases. The curriculum consisted of subject lectures with guidelines, skill practice courses, and simulation courses based on hands-on method. In simulation courses, paramedics use standardized check list to communicate with medical specialists. All curriculums except subject lectures include debriefing, which allows free talking with educators comprised of medical specialists. In order to measure the educational impact, all students performed self-assessment through a structured questionnaire before and after the training. Results: : Regardless different situations and paramedics’ education level, their performance and communication skills have improved after simulation training course. Paramedics mentioned learning skills in simulation course through communication with medical staffs as the biggest advantage. Conclusion : Receiving the simulation training with standardized communication tools is effective at enhancing the communication between the paramedics and medical staff.

Background: : The purpose of this study was to identify the contributing factors of unmet healthcare needs of pregnant and breast feeding women. Methods: : This study used raw data from the Korea Community Health Survey(KCHS) which was performed in 2015. Data was analyzed using SPSS 21.0 for descriptive statistics, t test, Chi-square test, and logistic regression. Results: : The significant predictors related to unmet healthcare needs were low level of education, not employed, low income, depression, eat breakfast, sleep duration, low level of subjective health status, and high level of stress. Conclusions : The results of the study indicate that it is necessary to establish a mental health care program to decrease unmet healthcare needs of pregnant and breast feeding women.

Background: : It is called a discharge against medical advice (DAMA) that a patient needs continuous medical care, but leaving the hospital contrary to a doctor’s medical advice. DAMA also occurs in the emergency room, and sometimes it can make the patient's symptoms and states worse or even lead to death. Methods: : Results: : There are various reasons for deciding to DAMA. Among those reasons, the poor communication skills of medical staff can cause the disease insight of patient to be lowered, create unsatisfactory medical services, and create distrust for the medical staff. Conclusion : Medical staff can lower the frequency of DAMA through following patient-oriented communication : listening to the patient's symptoms and information, talking to the patient in an easy-to-understand language, and conducting two-way communication with appropriate feedback.

Background: : This study explored factors that influence turnover Intention in emergency room nurse. Methods: : A descriptive survey was conducted with 305 nurses working in emergency room of hospitals in Gwangju Metropolitan City and Jeollanamdo Province. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression with the SPSS Win 21.0. Results: : Multiple regression analysis found that the factors influencing turnover intention of emergency room nurses were emotional Labor (β=.384). Conclusion : This study shows that emotional labor is an important factor in the emergency room nurse's turnover intention. These findings can be utilized to develop strategies for decreasing emergency room nurse's turnover intention. Therefore, in order to improve the emergency room nurse's turnover intention to change, it is necessary to develop a strategy to lower emotional labor.

Background: : This is a methodological study for validation of the Korean version of scrub practitioners’ list of intra-operative nontechnical skills system, K-SPLINTS.Method : Data were collected from multidisciplinary expert panel (n=6) and a group of scrub nurses (n=40) with minimum two years of operative theatre experience in two university hospitals in Seoul. Contents validity was calculated from expert panel and reliability, completeness, observability and usability were analyzed from scrub nurses group.Result : K-SPLINTS is deemed to be adequate for assessing and training scrub nurses’ intraoperative behaviours. Conclusion : K-SPLINTS could be useful to inspire scrub nurses non-technical skills in the operating theatre.

Background: : The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of emergency medical service system development including service and process manual on patients satisfaction with emergency medical service. Methods: : This study used simulated control group pre-posttest design and included 322 of pre- and 227 of post-construction for system in emergency centers (EC) of university hospitals located in Daegu. Data were collected with a self-administered questionnaire for one month pre-post construction for the system. Construction for the system included development of emergency medical center manual, computerization of EC patient-bed number, compartmentalization and assignment of Nurse System in the EC, providing education for compassion care for all EC staff, improving direction signs for the department of administration, and emergency pharmacies. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics. Results: : There was a statistically significant difference in nurse kindness between the experimental group of 12.38 and the control group of 11.82 (p = .011). Satisfaction was also improved in the facility environment, work procedures, doctor friendliness, medical technology and costs, including overall satisfaction, and waiting time was slightly higher in the experimental group (10.92±1.87) than the control group (10.76±2.03), but there were no statistically significant differences. Conclusion : The result of this study was statistically significant only in the nurse kindness. While the difference was not statistically significant, the experimental group showed improved satisfaction in all areas except latency. This resulted in a limitation in testing the effectiveness of the emergency medical center system because the waiting time was higher in the experimental group due to the strike and construction going on at two nearby university hospitals. Therefore, since waiting time is an important factor in the satisfaction of EC service, interventional studies are needed to reduce waiting time.

Purpose: : The purpose of this study was to investigate the Health-related Indicators according to the restricted activity and health-related quality of life of osteoarthritis patients based on Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. Methods: : The data collected for this study used the IBM SPSS WIN21.0 statistical program. Analyzed for descriptive statistics, simple frequency and proportion, Chi-squared test. Results: : Restricted Activity was statistically significantly related to self-assessed health, stress, depression, suicidal ideation, and smoking. Health-related quality of life was statistically significantly related to self-assessed health, BMI, stress, depression, suicidal ideation, and walking practice. Conclusion : The findings of this study suggest that osteoarthritis patients need measures to minimize restricted activity and improve health-related quality of life.

Background: : Medical communication is important skill which doctors need to acquire in order to satisfy the patients and improve results of treatment. The purpose of this article is to find out the effects of medical communication curriculum with empowering self reflection activities for pre-medical students. Methods: : For the purpose, the six steps of concept mapping process proposed by Trochim were carried out. Using 52 statements to question number 1, 38 statements to question number 2, group similarity matrix were completed, which was further analyzed by SPSS using multidimensional scaling technique. And we conducted hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA) that helps to determine the number of cluster of the statements. Results: : The HCA resulted in six clusters as the effects of medical communication curriculum with empowering self reflection activities conducted for 15 weeks. The six clusters as the effects of self reflection activities were labelled as emotional comfort, positive thinking, future life, the improvement of self-understanding, interpersonal relationships and medical communication. The six clusters as the effects of communication curriculum were labelled as empathic attitude, medical communication skill, patient centered care, expansion to social relationships, to social services and influence on future view. Conclusion : Medical communication curriculum with empowering self reflection activities was effective in improving the communication skill and inner growth for premedical students.