Acupuncture Points ; Head ; anatomy & histology ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo find a procedure for facial rejuvenation which is simple, safe with lasting aesthetic results based on facial anatomic study.

METHODSAnatomy study was performed on 12 sides from 6 head specimens. Observe the range and thickness of fat lateral to the nasolabial grooves. Observed the location of the skin retaining ligaments and reappraised their functions combining with clinical observations.

RESULTSSkin and subcutis and SMAS (including mimic muscles) become slackening with aging, but the loosening degrees are different, especially in the region lateral to the nasolabial groove. So they should be handled respectively. The fat lateral to the nasolabial groove is thick and is mobile with aging . So the subcutaneous detachment need not beyond the anterior border of the masseter. In the past two years, we performed rhytidectomy on 100 patients by limited subcutaneous detachment and SMAS double-plication. Satisfactory results were obtained. There are no serious complications observed.

CONCLUSIONSRhytidectomy by limited subcutaneous detachment and SMAS double-plication is a simple and safe procedure with lasting aesthetic results.

Face ; anatomy & histology ; Head ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; anatomy & histology ; Rhytidoplasty ; methods

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this investigation was to examine the anatomic basis of palatopharyngeus and clinical implications for sphincter pharyngoplasty.

METHODSDetailed dissections were performed on 17 sides of adult human head and neck specimens. The eight sides newborns' head and neck cadavers were also used in the study (4 normal and 4 cleft lip and palate). The observations of histologic serial sections were undertaken in six fetus head and neck specimens on coronal, transverse and sagittal direction.

RESULTSThe palatopharyngeus with three components of pharyngeal origins and two heads of velar insertions contributes the continuity between the velum and lateral pharyngeal wall and the bulk of muscle fibers were extended to the posterior tonsilar pillars with (27.58 +/- 6.73) mm length and (34.1 +/- 10.50) mm2 section area. The muscles were supplied dominantly from the branches of ascending pharyngeal artery and tonsilar artery and partly from the branches of ascending palatine artery and dorsal lingual artery. The muscles were innervated by the branches of pharyngeal plexus which focus on the level 10 mm to 25 mm below the hard palate and at the level of 15 mm below the hard palate there was at least one of the nerve branch entered the muscle.

CONCLUSIONThe palatopharyngeus muscle is not only a major musculature of lateral pharyngeal wall but also an important portion of the soft palate, participating the middle and posterior velum, which means that the muscle may play a significant effect in the velar function and pharyngeal wall movements. It is also a good donor site for palatopharyngeus flap. The sphincter pharyngoplasty has some influence to the blood supply and innervation of the muscles, which may result to blood reversion and denervation for the distal component of palatopharyngeal flap.

Adult ; Cadaver ; Head ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Neck ; anatomy & histology ; Palatal Muscles ; anatomy & histology ; Pharyngeal Muscles ; anatomy & histology

The technology of simulated portrait played a key role in criminal cases' deterction recently, while anthropology is attached to it tightly. This paper analyzed and discussed the impact of anthropology in simulated portrait by means of studying the relationship between races, regions figures skeletons and physiognomy.
Crime ; Face/anatomy & histology* ; Forensic Anthropology ; Head/anatomy & histology* ; Humans ; Male ; Somatotypes

OBJECTIVETo discuss the midface aging mechanism through anatomic study of malar fat pad.

METHODS10 fresh adult cadaveric heads (20 sides) fixed by vascular perfusion of formalin were used for anatomic study with microsurgery technique under microscope. The midfacial ligament and connective tissue between skin and subcutaneous fat were observed carefully in different parts of midface. The location, shape and extent of malar fat pad was also recorded and photographed.

RESULTSThe malar fat pad has a triangle shape. The bottom is a curve along the orbicularis retaining ligament at the lower eyelid. The fat pad is extended internally to the nasolabial fold and labiomandibular fold, externally from the major zygomatic muscle end point at the malar surface to the angulus oris and submandibular edge. (2) The malar fat pad is composed of meshed fibrous tissue, with big fat particles in it. It becomes tight when being stretched in horizontal direction along nasolabial fold and loosen when being stretched in vertical direction. (3) There is tight connection between skin and fat pad, which is divided into four areas as I, II, III, IV. The areas I, II, III are strip-shaped parelled to the nasolabial fold. The area IV is a irregular quadrilateral. (4) There are six fixation ligaments between malar fat pad and deep tissue: orbicularis retaining ligament upper layer of lower eyelid, orbicularis retaining ligament substratum of lower eyelid, zygomaticus ligament, zygomatic cutaneous ligament, zygomatic cutaneous ligament substratum, platysma There are four closely connected areas cutaneous forward ligament, cheek maxilla ligament.

CONCLUSIONSbetween the facial skin and malar fat pad which makes malar fat pad and skin keep relatively consistent. The malar fat pad moving down mainly resulted from slack of ligaments support which is one of the reasons for aging face.

Adipose Tissue ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Cadaver ; Cheek ; Eyelids ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Face ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Facial Muscles ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Head ; Humans ; Ligaments ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Lip ; anatomy & histology ; physiology ; Skin ; anatomy & histology ; Skin Aging ; pathology ; physiology

OBJECTIVE: To measure the anatomic data of the proximal femur and to design an internal fixation instrument aiming at subtrochanteric fracture. METHODS: We measured the anatomic data of 56 pairs of the matching proximal femur specimens: the diameter of femoral head (HD), the axis length of femoral head (HAL), 135 degree femoral head-neck axis length (HNAL), 135 degree femoral head-neck axis upper length (HNAUL), 135 degree femoral head-neck axis underside length (HNADL), the anterior-posterior axis diameter of femoral neck (NAPD), the upper-underside diameter of femoral neck (NUUD), femoral neck-shaft angle (NFA), femoral shaft lateral cortex-greater trochanter angle (SLGA), the medial-lateral diameter of lesser trochanter level's femoral shaft (LSMLD), the anterior-posterior diameter of lesser trochanter level's femoral shaft (LSAPD), the medial-lateral diameter of 5 cm below lesser trochanter femoral shaft (5 cm MLD), and the anterior-posterior diameter of 5 cm below lesser trochanter femoral shaft (5 cm APD). Part of the data was analyzed and compared. RESULTS: HD was (46.69+/-3.73) mm, HAL was (39.22+/-4.17) mm, HNAL was (95.45+/-8.16) mm, HNAUL was (84.02+/-7.11) mm, HNADL was (99.95+/-9.34) mm, NAPD was (26.27+/-3.15) mm, NUUD was (32.24+/-3.31) mm, NFA was 126.21 degree+/-7.13 degree, SLGA was 16.38 degree+/-4.04 degree, LSMLD was (31.05+/-3.57) mm, LSAPD was (27.63+/-2.96) mm, 5 cm MLD was (26.36+/-3.22) mm, and 5 cm APD was (25.59+/-2.75) mm. NFA was positively correlated with SLGA (r=0.396, P=0.003). CONCLUSION It is necessary to design internal fixator to fit the anatomical feature of Chinese femur for the treatment of subtrochanteric fracture, and we should thoroughly consider the angle of the SLGA.
Anthropometry ; Cadaver ; Equipment Design ; Femur Head ; anatomy & histology ; Femur Neck ; anatomy & histology ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; instrumentation ; Hip Fractures ; surgery ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo compare the differences between bone-length measurements on human head and to probe proportion relation of the position of head points.

METHODSOne hundred healthy adult volunteers, aged between 18-25 years, 50 males and 50 females, were randomly selected, and their height, body weight, the distances from Shenting (GV 24) to Toulinqi (GB 15), from Shenting to Touwei (ST 8), between bilateral Touwei (ST 8), between the two Mastoid, from Yintang (EX-HN 3) to front hairline, front hairline to Naohu (GV 17), Naohu to Fengfu (GV 16), Fengfu to the middle of rear hairline were measured respectively with standard measure instruments, and the proportion relation between bone-length measurement location and the point position were compared.

RESULTSThere was a significant difference between the distance of bilateral Touwei and the distance of the two Wangu (P<0.05). The proportion relation of Shenting-Toulinqi, Shenting-Touwei, bilateral Touwei distances basically conformed to the bone-length measurement location, while in the proportion relation of the distances of Yintang-front hairline, front hairline-Naohu, Naohu-Fengfu, Fengfu-the middle of rear hairline and the bone-length measurement location there were some differences.

CONCLUSIONBilateral Touwei distance is not same as the bone-length measurements between two Mastoid, and Toulinqi can be located at the middle point of the connecting line of Shenting and Touwei. There is a certain deviation between marker location of Naohu, Fengfu and other points on body surface and the bone-length measurements.

Acupuncture Points ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Bone and Bones ; anatomy & histology ; Female ; Head ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

OBJECTIVETo probe into the physical changes on the head and face of Chinese adults, find the representative indexes and provide references for head-face products design especially in the field of labor protection.

METHODSThe ISO7250-1996 and GB/T5703-99 Basic Human Body Measurements for Technological Design was used. Twenty items of head-face referential parameters and 4 items of body indexes (height, weight, waist circumference and buttock circumference) were measured by using sliding caliper, spreading caliper and pupillometer. The populations were sampled by age, gender and region and their influences on the head and face dimensions were statistically analyzed. By studying the relationship between these parameters with correlation and cluster analysis, the representative indexes of head and face dimensions were concluded.

RESULTS3000 objectives (2026 men and 974 women) were involved in this survey. The results enunciated that the values of the items in male were larger than those in female. For example, the mean values of face length, face width, jaw width, lip length and nose protrusion were 117.0, 147.6, 118.5, 51.7, 18.7 mm for male and 109.7, 140.1, 114.5, 49.3, 17.7 mm for female. The regional disparity and obesity were significant factors. The sizes of head and face of north-eastern population were significantly bigger than those of south-western population except of maximum length of head, the length of lip and face configuration length. The sizes of head and face of obesity population were significantly bigger than those of non-obesity population (P < 0.01). By the cluster analysis, five representative indexes (face length, face width, jaw width, lip length and nose protrusion) were obtained. Further correction analysis suggested that these indexes could well represent the head-face dimensions.

CONCLUSIONThe influence of gender, region and obesity on the head-face dimensions is significant. The age is not a significant influential factor. Five representative indexes (face length, face width, jaw width, lip length and nose protrusion) are obtained to provide foundation in the standard design of head-face products.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; statistics & numerical data ; Cephalometry ; Cluster Analysis ; Face ; anatomy & histology ; Female ; Head ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Jaw ; anatomy & histology ; Lip ; anatomy & histology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nose ; anatomy & histology ; Reference Values ; Young Adult

I examined the sphericity and the congruity of the femoral head and the acetabulum in 172 Korean fetuses and in 655 Korean adults. I found that Korean fetal acetabuli and femoral heads are spherical and that the proportion of the head contained in the acetabulum remains constant and congruous throughout the fetal life. Adult actabuli and femoral heads are also spherical in both gender and are there are no visible changes in the shape of the acetabuli and the femoral heads with respect to age. No evidence was found that the congruity of the hip joint is a cause of osteoarthritis of the hip joint. Clinical Relevance: Stable hip joints at the time of birth provide an explantation for the low incidence of congenital dislocation of the hip joint in Koreans. The spherical femoral head and acetabulum (congruous hip joint) seem to be a contributing factor to the low incidence of primary osteoarthritis of the hip in Koreans.
Acetabulum/*anatomy and histology/embryology ; Adult ; Female ; Femur Head/*anatomy and histology/embryology ; Fetus/anatomy and histology ; *Hip Joint/pathology ; Human ; Incidence ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Osteoarthritis, Hip/epidemiology/*etiology/pathology

I examined the sphericity and the congruity of the femoral head and the acetabulum in 172 Korean fetuses and in 655 Korean adults. I found that Korean fetal acetabuli and femoral heads are spherical and that the proportion of the head contained in the acetabulum remains constant and congruous throughout the fetal life. Adult actabuli and femoral heads are also spherical in both gender and are there are no visible changes in the shape of the acetabuli and the femoral heads with respect to age. No evidence was found that the congruity of the hip joint is a cause of osteoarthritis of the hip joint. Clinical Relevance: Stable hip joints at the time of birth provide an explantation for the low incidence of congenital dislocation of the hip joint in Koreans. The spherical femoral head and acetabulum (congruous hip joint) seem to be a contributing factor to the low incidence of primary osteoarthritis of the hip in Koreans.
Acetabulum/*anatomy and histology/embryology ; Adult ; Female ; Femur Head/*anatomy and histology/embryology ; Fetus/anatomy and histology ; *Hip Joint/pathology ; Human ; Incidence ; Korea/epidemiology ; Male ; Osteoarthritis, Hip/epidemiology/*etiology/pathology