Nursing Diagnosis has evolved in the guest to define nursing and its functions. But for the application to clinical practice an unified system of terminology that help nurses to assess selected data and identify potential or actual client problems is required. Consistent terminology that captures the real meanings of the nursing diagnosis makes oral and written communication more accurate and efficient. Already we had performed to deliver a Korean -translated version of the 98 nursing diagnoses through the process of content validity tests and translations, and additionally performed to deliver a Korean-translated version of another 17 nursing diagnoses. The list of 17 nursing diagnoses were reviewed by our research team and two linguists, one specialized in Korean and the other in English. 17 diagnoses were mailed to 719 subjects to test content validity from December 10, 1997 to January 24, 1998, Among 719 questionnaires, 185 were used for analysis. Total mean score of the diagnoses was 3.72 on the 5 point likert scale. The diagnoses that acquired less than 3.50 were 'Risk for altered parent/infant/child attachment'(3.28), 'Potential for enhanced organized infant behavior'(3.40), 'Potential for enhanced community coping' & 'Risk for disorganized infant behavior'(3.49). We suggest to conduct tests for validation of related factors and characteristics of these 17 Nursing Diagnosis.
Diagnosis ; Humans ; Infant ; Nursing Diagnosis* ; Nursing* ; Postal Service ; Translations ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: Night shift workers suffer from sleep and daytime disturbances due to circadian misalignment. To investigate the role of environmental light in daytime sleep following 12 h-night shift work. METHODS: We enrolled 12 h-shift female nurses working at one university-affiliated hospital (n=10, mean age 26.6 years, shift work duration 3.8 years). This is a cross-over study to compare sleep between under light exposure (30 lux) and in the dark (<5 lux) following 12 h-night duty. Two sessions of experiments were underwent and the interval between sessions was about a month. Psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) had performed on awakening from sleep at each session and sleep-wake pattern had been monitored by actigraphy throughout the study period. Daytime sleep was also compared with night sleep of age-and gender matched daytime workers (n=10). RESULTS: Sleep parameters and PVT scores were not different between two light conditions. Activities during sleep seemed to be more abundant under 30 lux condition than in the dark, which was not significant. Compared to night sleep, daytime sleep of shift workers was different in terms of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Three shift workers showed sleep onset REM sleep and first REM sleep period was the longest during daytime sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Unexpectedly, daytime sleep of 12 h night shift workers was well-maintained regardless of light exposure. Early occurrence of REM sleep and shorter sleep latency during daytime sleep suggest that shift workers meet with misalignment of circadian rhythm as well as increased homeostatic sleep pressure drive.
Actigraphy ; Circadian Rhythm ; Cross-Over Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Polysomnography ; Sleep, REM

The purpose of this study was to dcvclop nd test the validity of standardized Korean nome clature based on Nursing Intervention Classi ications (MC), developed by McCloskey and Bul chek at the University of Iowa, The four phases of the study were 1. Two professors and 15 graduate stude ts, who were taking a nursing intervention cours, translated the 433 nursing interventions of IC into Korean 2. 12 nurses with various clinical bac rounds reviewed the nomenclature, taking into nsider ation the definition and activities for each Korean nursing intervention. The Delphi method was used to determine the best appropriate nomenclature for each intervention ~. 20 academic and clinical experts in nursing were given a questionnaire to rate the validity of each Korean nomenclature using a 5 point Likert scale ranging from very inappropriate to very appropriate 4. five members of the Korean Nurses Association Research Committee reviewed the survey results and determined the most appropriate Korean nomenclature for each nursing intei veiition of NIC system. Most nomenclature had a score of more than 4.0, but seven nursing interventions had a score lower than 4.0: Critical Path Development (2.71), Calming Technique ~3.4l), Grief Work Facilitation (3.44), Order Transcription (3.44), Self Modification Assistance (3.44), and Teaching Psycho-motor Skills (3.47). These research results will be included in the nursing vocabulary dictionary to be published by Korean Nurses Association.
Critical Pathways ; Grief ; Iowa ; Nursing ; Vocabulary ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Aprotinin, a serine protease inhibitor, has an anti-inflammatory and hemostatic effect and has been used to reduce perioperative blood loss and lung injury after cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which results in clinical manifestations due to non-cardiogenic permeability edema is a fatal condition associated with a mortality rate of 50 to 80%. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of aprotinin on acute lung injury induced by bacterial endotoxin in rabbits. METHODS: Nineteen rabbits were anesthetized with intravenous xylazine, Ketamine and vecuronium and ventilated with a Harvard apparatus maintaining normocapnea. In 7 rabbits, 2 mg/Kg of lipopolysaccharide from E. coli was infused intravenously for 30 min (Toxin group) and in another 7 rabbits aprotonin loading with 200,000 KIU/Kg followed by a continuous infusion of 50,000 KIU/Kg/hr was performed 30 min before the endotoxin infusion throughout the experiment (Aprotinin group). At 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after endotoxin infusion, arterial blood gas, blood cell count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, and hemodynamic profiles were checKed. At four hours, the animals were dissected at which time the lungs were divided into three regions for wet/dry weight ratio (WW/DW), myeloperoxidase activity and microscopic examination. RESULTS: In the Aprotinin group, pulmonary vascular resistance, arterial oxygen partial pressure and coagulation function were well preserved compared with the Toxin group. Furthermore, lung WW/DW, myeloperoxidase activity, and inflammatory responses also increased less in the Aprotinin group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current data showed that aprotinin has prophylactic effects against acute lung injury and coagulation impairment induced by bacterial endotoxin in rabbits.
Acute Lung Injury* ; Animals ; Aprotinin* ; Blood Cell Count ; Cardiopulmonary Bypass ; Edema ; Fibrinogen ; Hemodynamics ; Ketamine ; Lung ; Lung Injury ; Mortality ; Oxygen ; Partial Pressure ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Permeability ; Peroxidase ; Prothrombin Time ; Rabbits* ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; Serine Proteases ; Thoracic Surgery ; Vascular Resistance ; Vecuronium Bromide ; Xylazine

The purpose of this study was to develop the computerized nursing diagnoses system for clinical application and activation of nursing diagnosis based on validity verification. In addition, our research team also performed system tests in clinical situations, to identify ways to improve the program and make it more practical. Nursing Diagnoses System will increase nurses' knowledge and experience of the application of nursing diagnoses in clinical situations and development of nursing interventions by nurses as well as the effectiveness of hospital computerized systems. We expect this system can contribute to an improvement in the quality of nursing care. Also we will continuously evaluate and revise the system related to the utilization of the program.
Nursing Care ; Nursing Diagnosis* ; Nursing*

The purpose of this study was to develop and test the validity of standardized Korean nomenclature of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP), developed by the International Council of Nursing (ICN). The four phases of the study were: (1) Two professors and 15 graduate students translated who were taking a nursing intervention course, translated nursing phenomena and nursing action of the ICNP into Korean; (2) 12 nurses with various clinical backgrounds reviewed the nomenclature taking into consideration of the definition, and contents for each Korean nursing terminology, and the Delphi method was used to determine the best appropriate nomenclature for each terminology; (3) 20 academic and clinical experts in nursing were given a questionnaire to rate the validity of each Korean nomenclature using a 5 point Likert scale ranging from very inappropriate to very appropriate; (4) five members of the Korean Nurses Association Research Committee reviewed the survey results and determined the most appropriate Korean nomenclature for each nursing phenomena and activity of the ICNP. Most nomenclature of the ICNP had a score of more than 4.0, but four nursing phenomena had a score between 3.5 and 4.0: Unilateral neglect(3.86), Care Giver strain (3.86), Health denial(3.86), Health Adjustment (3.86) and draining(2.63) . In nursing activity 726 items, except for twelve items, had a score of over 4.0: Drainage(2.63) Weaning(3.13), Caring(3.75), Cold Wrapping(3.63), distraction Technique(3.57), drawing(3.88), Establishing Report with(3.5), Heating Wrapping(3.5), Manipulating(3.75), Performing(3.88), Reading material(3.75) and Restricting(3.75).
Caregivers ; Classification ; Heating ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Nursing

OBJECTIVES: The dream recall and sleep of patients with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) were not sufficiently studied. We hypothesized that RBD patients have frequent dream recall with poor sleep quality, and investigated the relationship between the dream recall frequency and sleep quality in RBD patients compared to controls. METHODS: We analyzed 81 drug naïve patients [RBD (+), 64.6±8.3 y, 57 males] and 81 age and gender matched patients with sleep disturbances without RBD [RBD (−), 63.7±7.3 y, 57 males]. All completed Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), insomnia severity index (ISI), Epworth sleepiness scale and Beck depression inventory. The 5-point rating scale was used to categorize dream recall frequency of most recent month (0=never, 4=very frequent). RESULTS: In RBD (+), dream recall frequency was much higher [frequent dreaming, 77.2% vs. 35.4%], and subjective sleep quality was much better [PSQI, 6.36±3.26 vs. 8.71±4.69]. Insomnia severity was much less in RBD (+) (ISI, 9.13±5.86) than RBD (−) (12.43±7.62). No significant differences were found in sleep parameters except lower N2 sleep % in RBD (+). The relationship between dream recall frequency and sleep was not significant in RBD (+), yet, a positive correlation was noted in RBD (−). CONCLUSIONS: RBD (+) had better sleep quality despite higher frequency of dream recall compared to RBD (−). Also dream recall was not related to their sleep quality in RBD (+), which suggests that RBD patients may have different sleep perception about their sleep and sleep quality.
Depression ; Dreams ; Humans ; REM Sleep Behavior Disorder ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Sleep, REM

Background: and Purpose: Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) emit less blue light than traditional light-emitting diodes (LEDs), but the effects of OLED light exposure (LE) on melatonin and sleep have not been evaluated. Methods: Twenty-four healthy subjects (age 26.9±5.7 years; including 18 females) with the intermediate chronotype were exposed to three different light conditions [4,000 K 150 lux OLED LE, 4,000 K 150 lux LED LE, and dim light (DL) at <10 lux] for 6.5 h from 17:30 to 24:00, in a random order and with a 1-week interval. Participants entered the unit for the experiment at 16:00, and their daylight was measured by actigraphy from 8:00 to 16:00 during each session. Saliva samples for melatonin were taken every hour from 18:00 to 24:00. Sleep was monitored by polysomnography, and vigilance was evaluated by psychomotor vigilance test upon awakening. Results: Melatonin onset occurred at 21:11±01:24, 21:20±01:19, and 21:36±01:16 in the DL, OLED, and LED conditions, respectively. Melatonin onset was significantly delayed under LED LE compared to DL (p=0.007) but did not differ under OLED LE (p=0.245). Melatonin suppression, sleep parameters, and vigilance were similar among the three light conditions. The accumulated amount of daytime light in each session was negatively correlated with the melatonin onset time under the DL (rho=-0.634, p=0.002) and OLED (rho=-0.447, p=0.029) conditions, not under the LED condition (p=0.129). Conclusions Melatonin onset under OLED LE was not significantly delayed compared to DL.Exposure to sufficient daylight may advance melatonin onset even when a subject is exposed to OLED LE in the evening.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) polymorphisms and muscle fatigability in 65-year-old Koreans. METHOD: The study participants were 49 Koreans aged 65 years. ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction and serum ACE activity, by spectrophotometry. Body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM), and lean body mass (LBM) were determined. To evaluate muscle fatigability, dynamic Electromyography was used to measure maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) of ankle plantar flexor muscles. Patients were seated with their hips flexed at 90degrees, knees fully extended, and ankles at 0degrees. Continuous submaximal VICs (40% MVIC) were then performed, and contraction duration and EMG frequency changes during the initial 2 min were measured. A self-reported physical activity questionnaire was used to evaluate effects of ACE activity levels on muscle fatigability. RESULTS: Among the 49 volunteers, 15 showed II genotype; 22, ID genotype; and 12, DD genotype. Serum ACE activity levels were significantly higher in DD genotype subjects than in II genotype subjects (p<0.05). Furthermore, the duration of submaximal isometric contractions was longer in II and ID genotype subjects than in DD genotype subjects (p<0.05). Dynamic EMG showed significantly lower mean frequency changes in II genotype subjects than in DD genotype subjects (p<0.05). However, LBM, BFM, and BMI were independent of ACE genotypes. CONCLUSION: ACE II genotype subjects showed significantly higher resistant to muscle fatigue than that by DD genotype subjects. However, body composition and BMI showed no correlations with ACE I/D polymorphisms.
Adipose Tissue ; Aged ; Animals ; Ankle ; Body Composition ; Body Mass Index ; Contracts ; Electromyography ; Genotype ; Hip ; Humans ; Isometric Contraction ; Knee ; Motor Activity ; Muscle Fatigue ; Muscles ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Spectrophotometry ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to evaluate the results of conization by loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) and cold coagulation as a definitive treatment in the patients with FIGO stage Ia1 squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. METHODS: One hundred eighty-seven patients were diagnosed as stage Ia1 cervical squamous cell carcinomas from 1995 to 2004 by conization with LEEP and cold coagulation. Fifty-nine patients who wanted to preserve fertility and/or refused further surgical treatment were followed-up without further treatment. Eleven patients of the 59 had involved ectocervical resection margins. All patients were followed-up with cervicovaginal smear and colposcopic examination at a regular interval. Disease recurrence was defined as a histologic diagnosis of dysplasia or more. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 69.0 months (range 8 to 103). All 59 patients had no lymphvascular space invasion (LVSI). In four patients, the ectocervical margins were involved by dysplasia, in seven patients, by carcinoma in-situ. There were no specific differences in ages, depth of stromal invasion and HPV status between the groups with and without involved margins. All 59 patients did not recur during follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Conization with LEEP and cold coagulation was feasible and could be used as a definitive therapy for the patients with stage Ia1 cervical squamous cell carcinoma. This study suggests that conization might play a role in a patient with positive margins (dysplasia or CIS) when LVSI is not demonstrated.
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell* ; Cervix Uteri* ; Conization* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Fertility ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Recurrence