PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of self differentiation, self esteem and mental health in adolescents. METHODS: Data were collected from 829 adolescents and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe's test, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with the SPSS 14.0 program. RESULTS: Mental health differed according to grade, level of father's and mother's education. Self differentiation and self esteem had a significant negative correlation with mental health. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed emotional cutoff, family projection, cognitive . emotional function, and family regression in self differentiation, self esteem, level of mother's education explained 24.4% of the total variance in mental health. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that self differentiation and self esteem have an influence on mental health. We need to develop and provide nursing intervention programs to prevent and manage adolescent's mental health problems and include the family in these programs.
Adolescent* ; Education ; Humans ; Mental Health* ; Nursing ; Self Concept*

PURPOSE: This study was done to help provide patients with information on medical insurance cost through medical insurance education for nurses, to increase effective management, check on omissions in treatment and appropriateness and accuracy of fees, and to contribute to the economic growth of hospital by providing nurses with necessary knowledge about medical insurance cost. METHOD: The participants in this study were clinical nurses in general hospitals. The study instrument was a questionnaire developed by the researcher through reference to data for medical insurance education. The data were analyzed with percentages, means, ANOVA, and Duncan method using SPSS PC+10. RESULT: The results on knowledge of medical insurance according to general characteristics of the nurses showed that there were significant differences according to age (p=.0036) highest level of education (p=.0007), position (p=.0010) and place where education on medical insurance was received (p=.0093). CONCLUSION: Continuous in-service education for clinical nurses is reflected in increased knowledge about medical insurance costs but special attention needs to be given to younger nurses and nurses with less education, as well as staff nurses, and those nurses who only received education on medical insurance during their schooling. Accordingly, in-service education is necessary for nurses at the time of orientation so that they have knowledge on standards for recuperation allowance, guidelines to calculate material costs, and guidelines to calculate drug rates. In addition, as medical insurance cost frequently change, all nurses need continuous in-service education.
Economic Development ; Education ; Fees and Charges ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Insurance* ; Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors of sleep disturbance and sleep patterns of elderly hospitalized women patients between young-old (65-74 years), old (76-84 years) and old-old (85 years and above). METHODS: The questionnaire included the environmental disturbance factors (Paik, 2000), degree of pain (Wang & Kim,1995), disease symptoms (Paik, 2000), depression (Kee, 1996) and sleep patterns (Oh, Song, & Kim, 1998). Data were analyzed using frequencies, means, chi2-test, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression (SPSS 14.0). RESULTS: The middle, and oldest group's environmental disturbance factors of degree of pain, disease symptoms, depression and sleep patterns were higher than those of the younger group. The younger, middle, and oldest group's sleep pattern had a significant negative correlation with environmental disturbance factors, degree of pain, disease symptoms and depression. The model including variables related to environmental, physical and psychological disturbance factors, explained the following variances in sleep pattern: 26.8% for the youngest group, 27.6% for the middle group and 40.7% for the oldest group. CONCLUSION: The result of this study offer basic data for the development of nursing intervention programs to improve sleep patterns for hospitalized women patients according to age differences.
Aged ; Depression ; Female ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Singing

PURPOSE: This study was done to investigate the relationship between self esteem, stress, depression and school adjustment among adolescents who were victims of bullying and those who were not. METHODS: The questionnaire included the Peer Victimization Scale (Callaghan & Joseph, 1995), Self-esteem Scale, (Rosenberg, 1965), Daily Hassles Questionnaire (Felner, Ginter & Primavera, 1982) and Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression (Radloff, 1977). Data from 738 questionnaires were analyzed using frequencies, means, chi-square-test, t-test and logistic regression analysis with SPSS 14.0. RESULTS: Victims of bullying accounted for 19.8% of the students. Significant differences were found for grade, school record, family living together, satisfaction with parents and satisfaction with friends between students who were victims of bullying and those who were not. Self esteem and school adjustment for the victims of bullying were lower than for those in the non-victim group, and stress and depression were higher. The logistic regression analysis revealed that school record, family living together, satisfaction with friends, self esteem, friend related stress, family related stress and depression were significantly associated with being a victim of bullying. CONCLUSION: The result of this study offer basic data for the development of intervention programs to prevent students becoming victims of bullying.
Adolescent ; Bullying ; Crime Victims ; Depression ; Friends ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Parents ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Self Concept ; Social Adjustment ; Social Behavior ; Stress, Psychological

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the influence of injury and/or injured area classification on depression in patients with industrial injuries. METHODS: The participants comprised438 patients who consented to participate and completed self-reported questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN version 22.0 for descriptive statistics, χ² test, fisher's exact test, ANOVA, and post-hoc Scheffé test. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing depression. RESULTS: The results indicated that the effect of disease classification and injured areas on depression were significantly different in patients with industrial injuries. The results further showed that severe depression was significantly higher in cardiovascular patients and patients with an injured area of the head and waist. The most powerful predictor was age (50~59 years), return to work (reemployment), disease classification (cardiovascular), and injured area (head, including vascular disease). CONCLUSION: This study showed that the most influential variable of depression in patients with industrial injuries were cardiovascular issues, injury areas of the head and waist, being aged 50~59 years, and reemployment. To reduce depression in these patients, it is important to develop and implement a psychiatric rehabilitation program that helps patients to formulate a concrete plan and goal for recovery, enabling patients to actively engage in their rehabilitation.
Accidents, Occupational ; Classification ; Depression ; Head ; Humans ; Occupational Diseases ; Psychiatric Rehabilitation ; Rehabilitation ; Return to Work

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the influence of injury and/or injured area classification on depression in patients with industrial injuries. METHODS: The participants comprised438 patients who consented to participate and completed self-reported questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN version 22.0 for descriptive statistics, χ² test, fisher's exact test, ANOVA, and post-hoc Scheffé test. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to identify factors influencing depression. RESULTS: The results indicated that the effect of disease classification and injured areas on depression were significantly different in patients with industrial injuries. The results further showed that severe depression was significantly higher in cardiovascular patients and patients with an injured area of the head and waist. The most powerful predictor was age (50~59 years), return to work (reemployment), disease classification (cardiovascular), and injured area (head, including vascular disease). CONCLUSION This study showed that the most influential variable of depression in patients with industrial injuries were cardiovascular issues, injury areas of the head and waist, being aged 50~59 years, and reemployment. To reduce depression in these patients, it is important to develop and implement a psychiatric rehabilitation program that helps patients to formulate a concrete plan and goal for recovery, enabling patients to actively engage in their rehabilitation.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between adolescents' internet addiction and mental health. METHODS: The Internet addiction level was measured with K-Scale developed for Korean adolescents by Korea Agency Digital Opportunity & Promotion (2006) and the mental health level was measured with SCL-90-R developed by Derogatis (1977) and adapted for Korean adolescents by Kim, Kim. & Won (1984). Collected data was analyzed by the mean+/-SD, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe and Pearson correlation coefficient (SPSS 12.0). RESULTS: 1. The Internet addiction level appeared to be 'Addiction' in 19%, 'Latency addiction' in 27% and 'Normal' in 54%. 2. The Internet addiction level was different according to sex, use, frequency and using time per day. The mental health level was different according to grade, sex, the father's education, the mother's education, frequency and using time per day. 3. The correlation between Internet addiction and mental health was found significant. CONCLUSION: The Internet addiction level was confirmed to have an influence on mental health. We offered basis data for preventing and treating Internet addiction in adolescents.
Adolescent* ; Education ; Humans ; Internet* ; Korea ; Mental Health*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between self differentiation and school adjustment among adolescents. METHODS: The subjects were 356 adolescents. The following research questions were established. The adolescents' self differentiation level was measured based on Bowen's family system theory modified for Korean adolescents(Je, 1989) and their school adjustment level was measured with developed for Korean adolescents(Park, 1998). Collected data were analyzed by Mean+/-SD, t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe and Pearson correlation coefficient (SPSS 12.0). RESULTS: 1. The mean score for the level of self differentiation was 99.99+/-11.58 and school adjustment was 63.52+/-8.80. 2. The self differentiation level was different according to father's education and monthly income. The school adjustment level was different according to grade, sex, father's education and father's occupation. 3. Self differentiation had a significant positive correlation with school adjustment. CONCLUSION: The self differentiation level was confirmed to have an influence on school adjustment. We need to develop a program that can enhance adolescents' self differentiation.
Adolescent* ; Education ; Humans ; Occupations ; Self Concept ; Social Adjustment

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression and attention concentration by smoking status among adolescents. METHODS: Depression was measured by Radloff's Center for Epidemiological studies Depression(1977) and modified by Korean(Chon & Lee, 1992), attention concentration measured by Nideffer's Test of Attention and Interpersonal Style(1976) and modified by Korean adolescents(Seo, 2004; Shin, 1988). The collected data was analyzed by the Mean +/- SD, chi-square-test, ANOVA, Scheffe and Pearson correlation coefficient(SPSS 13.0). RESULTS: 1. The smoking level appeared to heavy smoking group 31(22%), light smoking group 15(11%), non smoking group 92(67%). 2. The smoking level was different between the time to begin smoking, period of smoking and smoking amount/day. 3. Smoking group's depression was higher than those of the non smoking group and attention concentration was lower than those of the non smoking group. 4. The smoking amount had a significant positive correlation with depression and a significant negative correlation with attention concentration. Depression had a significant negative correlation with attention concentration. CONCLUSION: The result of this study offered the basis data for smoking prevention and treatment of adolescents.
Adolescent ; Depression ; Humans ; Light ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between depression and attention concentration by smoking status among adolescents. METHODS: Depression was measured by Radloff's Center for Epidemiological studies Depression(1977) and modified by Korean(Chon & Lee, 1992), attention concentration measured by Nideffer's Test of Attention and Interpersonal Style(1976) and modified by Korean adolescents(Seo, 2004; Shin, 1988). The collected data was analyzed by the Mean +/- SD, chi-square-test, ANOVA, Scheffe and Pearson correlation coefficient(SPSS 13.0). RESULTS: 1. The smoking level appeared to heavy smoking group 31(22%), light smoking group 15(11%), non smoking group 92(67%). 2. The smoking level was different between the time to begin smoking, period of smoking and smoking amount/day. 3. Smoking group's depression was higher than those of the non smoking group and attention concentration was lower than those of the non smoking group. 4. The smoking amount had a significant positive correlation with depression and a significant negative correlation with attention concentration. Depression had a significant negative correlation with attention concentration. CONCLUSION: The result of this study offered the basis data for smoking prevention and treatment of adolescents.
Adolescent ; Depression ; Humans ; Light ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Surveys and Questionnaires