Postoperative respirative depression is a major factor limiting the use and safety of intraoperative narcotics. The need for an effective and safe narcotic antagonist to reverse this side effect without complication persists more than three decades of research. While narcotic induced respiratory depression can be reversed by appropriate, specific narcotic antagonist, it has not been possible to nulify the frespiratory depressant effects of narcotic without simultaneously nullifying the analgesic effects. Doxspram hydrochloride, respiratory stimulant, has been found to be significantly potent and selectively respirogenic. The present study undertakes to determine whether doxapram is ablereverse the respiratory depressnat effect of mrphine without mullifying the analgesic effects. In this study, 20 patients in 29 ASA class l patients given intravenous morphine, 0.5mg/kg, for elective surgery, produce postoperative respiratory depression. Inadequate spontaneous respiration at the end of anesthesia were treated with doxapram. The results were as follows: 1) Doxapram (mean 21.6mg) was able to reverse the respiratory depressant effect of morphine without nullifying the analgesic effect. 2) There was no hemodynamic alteration during reversal.
Anesthesia ; Depression ; Doxapram* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Morphine* ; Narcotics ; Respiration ; Respiratory Insufficiency*

The anesthesiologist is sometime presented with the problem of coagulation defects through the perioperative period. The possible causes of inappropriate hemostasis in this situation are numerous, and multiple mechanism may be simultaneously involved. Coagulation and fibrinolysis variables were measured in 15 patients who had undergone prolonged major surgery or received massive transfusion before and until 10 days after operation. Hemostactic surveys included platelet count, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, antithrombin lll, and fibrin degraduation products. No patients had major hemorrhage, thrombosis, or disseminated intravascular coagulation, but laboratory findings suggest that a hypercoagulable state existed even 10 days postoperatively. The results were as follows: 1) Platelet counts decreased just after operation, but significantly increased to 154% of the control value 7 days after operation and 204% 10 days postoperatively. 2) Prothrombin time was significantly prolonged just after operation compared to the control value, but returned to normal in 4 days postoperatively. 3) Fibrinogen decreased just after operation, but significantly increased to 165% of the control value 4 days after operation, 178% 7days after operation and 191% 10 days postoperatively. 4) Activated partial thromboplastin time was not changed through the entire period. 5) Antithrombin lll was not changed through the entire period. 6) Fibrin degradation product was within normal ranges before operation, but in 11 cases it exceeded normal range from 1 to 10 days postoperatively.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation ; Fibrin ; Fibrinogen ; Fibrinolysis* ; Hemorrhage ; Hemostasis ; Humans ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Perioperative Period ; Platelet Count ; Prothrombin Time ; Reference Values ; Thrombosis

BACKGROUND: Restoring orbital volume in large blowout fractures is still a technically challenge to the orbital surgeon. In this study, we restored the orbital wall using the combination of transorbital and transnasal approach with additional supports from the paranasal sinuses, and we compared the surgical outcome to that of a conventional transorbital method. METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients with pure unilateral blowout fractures between March 2007 and March 2013 was conducted. 150 patients were classified into two groups according to the surgical method: conventional transorbital method (group A, 75 patients, control group), and the combination of transorbital and transnasal approach with additional supports from the paranasal sinuses (group B, 75 patients, experimental group). Each group was subdivided depending on fracture location: group I (inferior wall), group IM (inferomedial wall), and group M (medial wall). The surgical results were assessed by the Hertel scale and a comparison of preoperative and postoperative orbital volume ratio (OVR) values. RESULTS: In the volumetric analysis, the OVR decreased more by the experimental groups than each corresponding control groups (P<0.05). Upon ophthalmic examination, neither the differences among the groups in the perioperative Hertel scale nor the preoperative and postoperative Hertel scales were statistically significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our surgical results suggest that orbital volume was more effectively restored by the combination of transorbital and transnasal approach with additional supports from the paranasal sinuses than the conventional method, regardless of the type of fracture.
Enophthalmos ; Humans ; Orbit* ; Orbital Fractures ; Paranasal Sinuses ; Retrospective Studies ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to develop a pre-discharge group education program for liver transplant patients, and to contribute to improving the knowledge and performance of self-management after discharge. METHODS: This investigation was a methodological study consisting of analysis, design, development, operation, and evaluation stages. RESULTS: The constituent items of the pre-discharge group education program for liver transplant patients include medication management, infection management, emergency management, outpatient management, complication management, nutrition management, exercise management, wound and drainage management, disability registration, and sex life. The pre-discharge group education program for liver transplant patients was conducted once a week, 30 minutes for the coordinator, 40 minutes for the clinical nurse specialist (including 10 minutes for wound and drainage management), 30 minutes for pharmacists, 20 minutes for the nutritionist, and 20 minutes for social workers. Additionally, the contents of the lecture announced by PowerPoint were made the same as the booklet. The overall knowledge level before and 3 months after the pre-discharge group education program for liver transplantation patients increased significantly from 17.32±1.53 to 19.74±0.89. At the 3-month time point, the overall compliance was 77.39±3.04 out of 80. Overall satisfaction was 9.32±0.93 on a scale of 10. Finally, the need for medication was the highest at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS: It is expected that this program can be utilized in the clinical field as an effective nursing education intervention.
Compliance ; Drainage ; Education* ; Education, Nursing ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Liver Transplantation ; Liver* ; Methods ; Nurse Clinicians ; Nutritionists ; Outpatients ; Pamphlets ; Pharmacists ; Self Care ; Social Work ; Social Workers ; Wounds and Injuries

PURPOSE: This study aims to identify the role and function of the RNP (rehabilitational nurse practitioner) expected by nurses and doctors. METHOD: This study was a survey. The data were collected 188 nurses and 21 doctors who worked for disabled patients in the rehabilitation hospital during months of June, 2004 and August, 2005. RESULTS: 98.4% of nurse and 61.9% of doctors agreed at opening of RNP course. The major role of RNP expected by nurses were educator, counsellor and case manager. The major role of RNP expected by doctors were direct care, self care promoter & exercise and emotional care. There was a significant difference about the need for opening of RNP course and major role and function of RNP between the group of nurses and doctors. CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the need for opening of RNP was identified and the major role of RNP was educator, counsellor, case manager and direct care. So there is a need for further research about major role of RNP related to various setting including rehabilitation hospital, nursing home, home care etc.
Home Care Services ; Humans ; Nurse Practitioners* ; Nursing Homes ; Rehabilitation* ; Self Care

BACKGROUND: Rapid and accurate diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is critical for initiating effective treatment and achieving better prognosis. We investigated the performance of copeptin for early diagnosis of AMI, in comparison with creatine kinase myocardial band (CK-MB) and troponin I (TnI). METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 271 patients presenting with chest pain (within six hours of onset), suggestive of acute coronary syndrome, at an emergency department (ED). Serum CK-MB, TnI, and copeptin levels were measured. The diagnostic performance of CK-MB, TnI, and copeptin, alone and in combination, for AMI was assessed by ROC curve analysis by comparing the area under the curve (AUC). Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of each marker were obtained, and the characteristics of each marker were analyzed. RESULTS: The patients were diagnosed as having ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI; N=43), non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI; N=25), unstable angina (N=78), or other diseases (N=125). AUC comparisons showed copeptin had significantly better diagnostic performance than TnI in patients with chest pain within two hours of onset (AMI: P=0.022, ≤1 hour; STEMI: P=0.017, ≤1 hour and P=0.010, ≤2 hours). In addition, TnI and copeptin in combination exhibited significantly better diagnostic performance than CK-MB plus TnI in AMI and STEMI patients. CONCLUSIONS The combination of TnI and copeptin improves AMI diagnostic performance in patients with early-onset chest pain in an ED setting.

BACKGROUND: Surgical site infection (SSI) is a potentially morbid and costly complication of surgery. While gastrointestinal surgery is relatively common in Korea, few studies have evaluated SSI in the context of gastric surgery. Thus, we performed a prospective cohort study to determine the incidence and risk factors of SSI in Korean patients undergoing gastric surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study of 2,091 patients who underwent gastric surgery was performed in 10 hospitals with more than 500 beds (nine tertiary hospitals and one secondary hospital). Patients were recruited from an SSI surveillance program between June 1, 2010, and August 31, 2011 and followed up for 1 month after the operation. The criteria used to define SSI and a patient's risk index category were established according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System. We collected demographic data and potential perioperative risk factors including type and duration of the operation and physical status score in patients who developed SSIs based on a previous study protocol. RESULTS: A total of 71 SSIs (3.3%) were identified, with hospital rates varying from 0.0 - 15.7%. The results of multivariate analyses indicated that prolonged operation time (P = 0.002), use of a razor for preoperative hair removal (P = 0.010), and absence of laminar flow in the operating room (P = 0.024) were independent risk factors for SSI after gastric surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Longer operation times, razor use, and absence of laminar flow in operating rooms were independently associated with significant increased SSI risk after gastric surgery.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Cohort Studies* ; Cross Infection ; Hair Removal ; Humans ; Incidence* ; Korea ; Multivariate Analysis ; Operating Rooms ; Prospective Studies* ; Risk Factors* ; Tertiary Care Centers