The self-designed experiments of extract preparations is practiced in pharmacy teach-ing. Students work in groups, first consulting literature material, selecting the prescription and devis-ing a plan. Then, if the plan has carried on the feasible proof, students begin to purchase raw materi-als, complete the extraction and separation of effective components, the preparation of molding and the analysis of experimental results and finally form their self-evaluation. This experiment can strengthen students' experiment skill and promote their comprehensive application ability of all the subjects in the pharmacy field. At the same time it can also play an important role in the improvement of the students' social practice ability and the cultivation of students' creative thinking.

Objective To evaluate the value of using ultraharmonic contrast imaging(UHCI) and acoustic densitometry(AD) technique to quantify cortex blood perfusion of acute rejection in renal allograft.Methods The canine models with acute renal allograft rejection were established. The examinations of renal allograft were performed by intravenous contrast ultrasound and AD technique on the days 1,3,5,7,9,11 after transplantation,some parameters related to perfusion such as peak intensity(PI),the area under the curve(AUC),the half time of descending(HT) and the mean transit time(MTT) of renal cortex were measured,and the graft biopsies were done simultaneously.Results The cortex of renal allograft with acute rejection showed nonenhancing defects after contrast agent injection. From 5 to 11 days after transplantation,the PI,AUC,HT,MTT of renal cortex were increasingly decreased,and the 50% wash-out slope was increasingly increased; furthermore,there were significant differences between those of the first day of post-operation(P

Objective To observe the effect of agmatine (AGM) on inflammatory factor in Kupffer cells of liver,and to investigate the protective effects of AGM on severe trauma-induced liver injury in mice and its possible mechanism.Methods Forty-two adult male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into sham group,model group,and AGM treatment group,with 14 mice in each group.The mice model of trauma-hemorrhage was reproduced by hindlimbs fracture combined with 35％ of orbital bleeding.The mice in the sham group were only anesthetized without other treatments.The mice in AGM treatment group were given intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg AGM when limited recovery was performed,and the mice in model group were given the equal amount of normal saline.Seven mice in each group were sacrificed at 12 hours and 24 hours,respectively,after modeling,and blood samples and liver tissue were harvested,and liver Kupffer cells were isolated.Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT),aspartate transaminase (AST)and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined with automatic biochemistry analyzer.Hepatic pathological changes were observed with light microscope using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining.The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-o) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum,hepatic homogenate and Kupffer cell supernatant were determined with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in the Kupffer cell were determined by real-time fluorescent quantitation reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).Results ① The normal liver tissue structure was found in sham group.At 24 hours after modeling in the model group,the changes in pathobiology were found as following:neutrophil infiltration,hepatocytes swelling,hyperemia,and necrosis,as well as the abnormality of parameters reflecting liver function.AGM could significantly improve the pathological changes in liver tissue caused by severe trauma,and ameliorate the liver function.② There were no significant differences in the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in serum and hepatic tissue at 12 hours after modeling,and the parameters at 24 hours in model group were higher than those at 12 hours,which were significantly higher than those of the sham group [serum TNF-α (ng/L):80.8±4.7 vs.34.7±4.7,IL-6 (ng/L):104.0±9.0 vs.55.4±3.3;liver TNF-α (ng/mg):405.2± 19.6 vs.57.2±10.0,IL-6 (ng/mg):58.4±7.7 vs.14.3±2.1,all P ＜ 0.01].AGM could effectively reduce the levels of TNF-o and IL-6 in serum and hepatic tissue [serum TNF-α (ng/L):58.2 ± 3.1 vs.80.8 ± 4.7,IL-6 (ng/L):74.1 ± 6.6 vs.104.0± 9.0;liver TNF-α (ng/mg):248.7 ± 22.5 vs.405.2 ± 19.6,IL-6 (ng/mg):22.5 ± 3.1 vs.58.4 ± 7.7,all P ＜ 0.01].③ The levels of TNF-o and IL-6 in Kupffer cells supernatant were significantly higher than those of the sham group,and they were further increased after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation for 24 hours.AGM could effectively reduce the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in Kupffer cells [TNF-α (ng/L):256.6 ± 5.6 vs.465.5 ± 5.2,IL-6 (ng/L):1 185.5 ± 64.4 vs.2 018.8 ± 53.2,both P ＜ 0.01],and also decreased the mRNA expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 [TNF-α mRNA (2-△△Ct):7.2±0.4 vs.13.5±0.4,IL-6 mRNA (2-△△Ct):13.2±0.7 vs.21.3 ± 1.6,both P ＜ 0.01].Conclusion Agmatine can reduce trauma-induced acute hepatic injury via suppression of cytokines release in Kupffer cells,and can ameliorate the liver function.

Adult ; Creatine Kinase, MB Form ; metabolism ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Heart ; drug effects ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Insecticides ; poisoning ; Insulin ; therapeutic use ; Isoflavones ; therapeutic use ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Male ; Myocarditis ; chemically induced ; drug therapy ; Myocardium ; enzymology ; pathology ; Organophosphate Poisoning ; Treatment Outcome ; Vasodilator Agents ; therapeutic use

Objective To investigate the effects of Rehmannia and Storesin (RS) on early hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in rat model.Methods HE rat model was induced by CCl4 intragastric administration. The effects of RS on serum nitric oxide (NO) and nitric oxide synthase(NOS) as well as hippocampal tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) level of animals were evaluated in 3 dose groups. Lactulose was usedas the positive group. Results The serum NO and NOS as well as hippocampal TNF-α level of the model rats were significantly increasedcompared with that in control animals (P<0.01). The RS high dosage treatment could significantly decrease the levels of those indexes (P<0.01). Conclusion Rehmannia and Storesin is effective on early HE by decreasing the level of serum NO and NOS as well as hippocampalTNF-α.

Objective To assess the effects of Rehmannia and Storesin (RS) on peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) in early hepatic encephalopathy (HE) rats. Methods CCl4 was used to induce the HE model. The benzodiazepine binding sites of PBRs in rats cortex were studied using the specific ligands [3] PK11195. Lactulose was used in the positive medicine group, and the treatment groups received different dosages of RS. Results The specific binding and the Bmax value of [3] PK11195 both significantly increased in the model group than in the control group (P<0.01). The specific binding decreased in the medium dosage group and the high dosage group than in the model group (P<0.05), and the Bmax value of [3] PK11195RS-H decreased in the high dosage group than in the model group (P<0.01). Conclusion Rehmannia and Storesin is effective on early HE rats by decreasing the specific binding of PBRs, which could reduce the neural injury.

ObjectiveTo assess the effects of rehmannia and storesin on minimal hepatic encephalopathy(MHE) in rat model.MethodsMHE rat model was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intragastric administration. The effects of rehmannia and storesin on spontaneous movement and learning and memory function of model animals were evaluated with open field test and Morris water maze in 3 dose groups. Lactulose was used in the positive group.ResultsThe spontaneous movement and the spatial learning and memory ability of the model rats both improved significantly in the high dose group. Meanwhile, the serum level of alanine transarninase(ALT) and ammonia(Amm) also decreased in the high dose group.ConclusionRehmannia and storesin has therapeutical effect on MHE rat model.

Objective To investigate the status of clinical nurses' professional self-concept and analyze its influencing factors. Methods A total of 572 clinic nurses were investigated by using Professional Self-concept of Nurses Instrument. Results Indicators including married status, education background, age, nursing experiences, professional title and position were influencing factors of professional self-concept.Conclusions Clinical nurses below 30 years old or under 10 years nursing experiences or lower professional title or no position or single should emphasize on professional self-concept.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the pathogenic features of the influenza B virus strains circulating in Anhui province during 2017-2018 influenza surveillance year. Methods: The antigenic characteristics of influenza B virus was analyzed with reference ferret anti-sera. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza B viruses isolated in Anhui during this period were obtained by Sanger dideoxy sequencing. Then the phylogenetic trees and amino acid mutations were analyzed respectively. Results: During 2017-2018 influenza season, the activity of B Yamagata lineage virus were stronger than B Victoria lineage virus. Most of B Yamagata lineage viruses had close antigenic relation with the vaccine strain B/Phuket/3073/2013(93.3%), but D196 N substitution was detected on HA protein in all of Yamagata lineage viruses. All of B Victoria lineage viruses had close antigenic relation with the vaccine strain B/Brisbane/60/2008(100%), meanwhile I117 V and N129D were found on HA protein. Phylogenetic analysis on B influenza viruses indicated that Yamagata clade 3 and Victoria clade 1A were predominant strains, however we found that two strains had intra-clade reassortants between HA and NA gene. The NA gene of all strains did not find a molecular mutation that was less sensitive to neuraminidase. Conclusions The WHO recommended influenza vaccine could protect from influenza B virus isolated from Anhui province. However, it is still necessary to pay close attention to its significant epitope variation in order to update the vaccine candidates in time.

Global longitudinal strain (GLS) at rest on two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D STE) was demonstrated to help detect coronary artery disease (CAD).However,the optimal cut-off point of GLS and its diagnostic power for detecting critical CAD in non-diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are unknown.In the present study,211 patients with suspected CAD were prospectively included,with DM patients excluded.All patients underwent echocardiography and subsequently coronary angiography within 3 days.Left ventricular (LV) GLSs were quantified by 2D STE.Territorial peak systolic longitudinal strains (TLSs) were calculated based on the perfusion territories of the 3-epicardial coronary arteries in a 17-segment LV model.Critical CAD was defined as an area stenosis ≥70％ in ≥1 epicardial coronary artery (≥50％ in left main coronary artery).Totally 145 patients were diagnosed as having critical CAD by coronary angiography.Significant differences were observed in all strain parameters between patients with and without critical CAD.The area under the receiver operating charcteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for GLS in the detection of left main (LM) or threevessel CAD was 0.875 at a cut-off value of-19.05％ with sensitivity of 78.1％ and specificity of 72.7％,which increased to 0.926 after exclusion of apical segments (cut-off value-18.66％;sensitivity 84.4％ and specificity 81.8％).The values of TLSs were significantly lower in regions supplied by stenotic arteries than in those by non-stenotic arteries.The AUC for the TLSs to identify critical stenosis of left circumflex (LCX) artery,left anterior descending (LAD) artery and right coronary artery (RCA),in order of diagnostic accuracy,was 0.818 for LCX,0.764 for LAD and 0.723 for RCA,respectively.In conclusion,in non-DM patients with suspected CAD,GLS assessed by 2D STE is an excellent predictor for LM or three-vessel CAD with high diagnostic accuracy,and a higher cut-off point than reported before should be used.Excluding apical segments in the calculation of GLS can further improve the predictive accuracy of GLS.It is unsatisfactory for TLSs to be used to identify stenotic coronary arteries.