Objective Network emulation system constructs a virtual network environment which has the characteristics of controllable and repeatable network conditions. This makes it possible to predict the availability and performance of new protocols and algorithms before deploying to Internet. Methods PARNEM, a parallel discrete event network emulation system described in this paper has the following characteristics: ① BREEN - a BSP based real-time event scheduling engine; ② application transparent flexible interactive mechanism; ③ legacy network model reuse. Conclusion PARNEM allows detailed and accurate study of application behavior. Comprehensive case studies covering bottleneck bandwidth measurement and distributed cooperative web caching system demonstrate that network emulation technology opens a wide range of new opportunities for examining the behavior of applications.

To analyze maternal and neonatal complications among late preterm birth cases and to investigate risk factors of late preterm birth. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 258 late preterm cases (late preterm group) born in Peking University First Hospital from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2010. Maternal comorbidity and complications, delivery modes, and neonatal complications of these 258 late preterm infants were compared with 308 term cases (term group) during the same period. Statistical analysis was performed usingχ2 test, Fisher's exact probability test, t test and logistic regression. Results In Peking University First Hospital, late preterm births accounted for 3.9%(258/6 695) of live births and 60.1%(258/429) of preterm births. The incidence of the following maternal complications among the late preterm group was higher than that among term group(all P<0.05): severe pre-eclampsia [7.4%(19/258) vs 1.0%(3/308), χ2=15.35]; preterm rupture of membrane [42.6%(110/258) vs 15.3%(47/308), χ2=52.49];cervical insufficiency [1.9%(5/258) vs 0.0%(0/308), Fisher's exact test];placenta previa[3.5%(9/258) vs 0.6%(2/308), Fisher's exact test] and placental abruption [2.7%(7/258) vs 0.3%(1/308), Fisher's exact test]. Severe pre-eclampsia was the major risk factor leading to late preterm birth. The incidence of the following neonatal complications among the late preterm group was higher than that among term group (all P<0.05):respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) [11.6%(30/258) vs 1.6%(5/308), χ2=24.22]; hyperbilirubinemia [64.3%(166/258) vs 39.6%(122/308),χ2=34.36];electrolyte disturbance [12.8%(33/258) vs 1.6(95/308),χ2=27.96];hypothermia [7.0%(18/258) vs 2.9%(9/308),χ2=5.08];infectious pneumonia[13.6%(35/258) vs 3.2%(10/308), χ2=20.43]; leukoencephalopathy [3.1%(8/258) vs 0.3%(1/308), χ2=5.25]; low body temperature [18.6%(48/258) vs 3.6%(11/308),χ2=33.98] and neonatal asphyxia [6.2%(16/258) vs 1.0%(3/308),χ2=11.86]. The incidence of the following neonatal complications among late preterm infants born at<35 weeks gestation was higher than that among late preterm infants born at≥35 weeks gestation (all P<0.05):NRDS [30.4%(14/46) vs 7.5%(16/212) ,χ2=19.26];hyperbilirubinemia [91.3%(42/46) vs 58.5%(124/212), χ2=17.74]; electrolyte disturbance [21.7%(10/46) vs 10.8%(23/212), χ2=4.02]; intracranial hemorrhage [8.7%(4/46) vs 1.9%(4/212),χ2=3.88];leukoencephalopathy [10.9%(5/46) vs 1.4%(3/212),χ2=8.32] and neonatal asphyxia [15.2%(7/46) vs 4.2%(9/212), χ2=6.05]. Conclusions Severe pre-eclampsia is the major risk factor leading to late preterm birth. The incidence of complications among late preterm infants is higher than that among term infants. If a pregnancy has to be terminated because of maternal disorders, the pregnancy period should be extended to 35 weeks if it permits.

Objective: To learn the health literacy status, trend and associated factors of Ningbo residents from 2015 to 2019, so as to provide basis for developing health policies and interventions. Methods: The monitoring data of health literacy of Ningbo residents from 2015 to 2019 was collected. The health literacy level was calculated and standardized by the population data of the sixth national census of Ningbo in 2010; five-year absolute growth and growth rate were used to reflect the changing trend. Multivariate logistic regression model was employed to analyze the influencing factors for the health literacy level. Results: The health literacy levels from 2015 to 2019 were 15.44%, 21.73%, 22.41%, 27.60% and 30.03%, with an annual increase trend ( P<0.05 ). The five-year absolute growth and growth rate were 14.59% and 94.49%. The Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the year ( OR=1.158, 95%CI: 1.132-1.184 ), age ( 25-<35岁 years, OR=1.235, 95%CI: 1.039-1.468; 35-<45岁 years, OR=1.416, 95%CI: 1.193-1.681; 45-<55岁 years, OR=1.221, 95%CI: 1.024-1.455 ) , education level ( primary school, OR=1.790, 95%CI: 1.461-2.195; junior high school, OR=2.574, 95%CI: 2.102-3.154; high school/vocational high school/technical secondary school, OR=4.863, 95%CI: 3.943-5.998; college or above, OR=8.829, 95%CI: 7.109-10.965 ) , urban areas ( OR=0.934, 95%CI: 0.874-0.998 ) and occupation ( farmers, OR=0.692, 95%CI: 0.608-0.787; workers, OR=0.746, 95%CI: 0.664-0.837; enterprise staff, OR=0.822, 95%CI: 0.745-0.906; others, OR=1.106, 95%CI: 1.009-1.211 ) were the influencing factors for health literacy level. Conclusion The health literacy level of Ningbo residents shows an upward trend from 2015 to 2019, which are associated with age, education level, area and occupation.

In order to develop the heroin abstainers' cue-sensitization questionnaire (HACSQ), and evaluate its reliability and validity, during March and April in 2006, the cross-sectional sample survey and cluster sampling were adopted among 939 volunteer participants who were heroin abstainers from 5 compulsive detoxification centers in China. The data were collected by the self-report questionnaires. The reliability analysis included Cronbach's alpha coefficient, split reliability and test-retest reliability, while construction validity was analyzed in the light of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Based upon the exploratory factor analysis, 4 factors were extracted, which were social emotion cue (SEC), direct implement cue (DIC), personnel cue (PC) and indirect implement cue (IIC), and they together explained 64.52% variance. According to the data, test-retest reliability coefficient ranged from 0.57 to 0.63, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient ranged from 0.86 to 0.95 across the 4 factors and HACSQ. The adjusted goodness of fit index was 0.75. It was suggested that the HACSQ demonstrated good validities and reliabilities, and may be used as a reliable assessment tool for the cue-sensitization among the heroin abstainers.
China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cues ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Heroin Dependence ; Questionnaires/*standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Self-Assessment ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship among the dosage, serum concentration and clinical effect of phenytoin(PHT) in treating epileptic patients .METHODS: 130 steady -- state serum concentrations of PHT were determined by fluores-cence polarization immunoassay(FPIA) in 70 patients with or without other drugs used in combination .RESULTS: The indi-vidual difference among the patients who received routine dosage of PHT was very significant. Intoxication occurred ex-tremely often in patients whose PHT serum concentrations were over 30?g/ml .CONCLUSION: It is necessary to perform TDM(Therapeutic Drug Monitoring) and individualize the use of PHT,so that the safe and effective use of drug can be ensured.

Objective In order to research the effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitor in combination with radiotherapy on the inhibi‐tion of breast cancer cells and breast cancer bearing nude mice .Methods Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to e‐valuate the inhibition of different concentrations of TKI on breast cancer cells ,the breast cancer cells was divided into three groups :the TKI treatment group ,the cells in the control group (no the TKI processing) and the control group (non‐TKI and X‐ray irradia‐tion group) .The sensitivity of the cells in each group to X‐ray was compared by colony formation assay .MCF7 cells were xenograf‐ted in athymic nude mice to establish the animal model ,which was used to evaluate the effect of anti‐cancer .Results Colony form‐ing test showed that the separated use of any concentrations of the TKI inhibitor could inhibit the breast cells ,and the cell viability was significantly reduced;TKI combined with X‐ray irradiation could significantly increase the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to radiation ,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0 .05) .Compared to TKI inhibitor or X‐ray irradiation alone ,the combi‐nation of TKI inhibitor with X‐ray irradiation could inhibit the growth of tumor effectively .Conclusion The TKI inhibitor in com‐bination with radiotherapy can effectively inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells ,which provides a new theoretical basis for the im‐plementation of the clinical breast cancer radio sensitization .

Objective To investigate the combined biological effects of low dose radiation,carbon monoxide,benzene and noise on rats.Methods Sixteen male SD rats were randomly divided into experiment group and control group.The experiment group was exposed to carbon monoxide,benzene,low dose radiation and noise daily,the control group was in common environment.Peripheral blood,organ index,and marrow DNA content were detected.Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was performed on serum protein analysis.Differential expressed proteins were identified by a matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MAIDI-TOF-MS).Results Compared to control group,the liver index,spleen index,thymus index,leukocytes,platelets count,and marrow DNA content of the experiment group were decreased significantly (t =2.732,4.141,3.053,2.211,2.668,11.592,P ＜0.05).12 altered proteins were detected and through identification,3 proteins were definite in terms of serum amyloid A-4 protein (SAA4),trichoplein keratin filament-binding protein (TCHP) and tubulin alpha-4A chain (TUBA4A).Conclusions The hematopoietic system and immune system of rats are damaged significantly with the changes of several serum protein expressions by the combined exposure of low dose radiation,carbon monoxide,benzene and noise.This study may provide new information for the mechanism of the combination effects.

Objective To determine the changes of interleukin-12(IL-12) and IL-12 mRNA in gastric mucosa of children with helicobacer pylori (Hp) infection,and to study the effects of Hp infection on the expression levels of IL-12 and IL-12 mRNA,and to evaluate its possible roles in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal inflammation in Hp related gastroduodenal diseases.Methods Biopsy specimens were taken from the antral mucosa on endoscopy in patients with or without Hp infection, which were diagnosed by urease test and Giemsa staining. The expression levels of IL-12 and IL-12 mRNA in gastric mucosa were determined by ELISA and RT-PCR.Results Inflammation of gastric antral mucosa was more severe in Hp-positive mucosa .The expression levels of IL-12 and IL-12 mRNA in Hp-positive mucosa were (66.42?15.15) ng/g and (59.21?15.03)%,which were more than those in (Hp-negative )(22.22?8.79) ng/g and (17.94?7.39)%(P

Objective To study the effect of field long march comprehensive training on freshmen' mental quality and mental health in military university. Methods Mental quality questionnaire for army men (MQQA), symptom checklist 90 (SCL-90), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), self-rating depression scale (SDS) and trait anxiety inventory (TAI) were carried out on 330 freshmen at various stages on their military training. All data were analyzed by paired-sample t test. Results ①As compared with pre-training, all SCL-90 factor scores except depression factor decreased significantly (P<0.05); compared to barracks military training, recruits revealed a decrease (P<0.05) in all SCL-90 factors except factors on fear, paranoia and mental disorder. ②The scores of SDS and SAS displayed a“V”shape as they decreased after the early rise at the course of military training. After the barracks military training, SAS and SDS scored high (P<0.01);Compared with pre-training, TAI scores dropped significantly (P<0.01) after field long march; compared with post barracks military traning results, SAS, SDS and TAI scores of recruits after field long march decreased significantly (P<0.05). ③After barracks military training and field long march comprehensive training, recuits' mental quality factors scored no significant distinction (P>0.05). Conclusion Filed long march effectively improved mental health of military university recruits and relived their anxiety as well as depression.

OBJECTIVE:To find the quick detection method for serum benzodiazepines concentrations.METHODS:Using flurosence polarization immunoassay method to detect the serum concentration of benzodiazepines(BZDs)in149patients who were suspicious of receiving drug overdose in emergency unit.RESULTS:We got positive results in104samples from149pa?tients,but the levels of BZDs concentration were not coincident with the state of drug overdose.CONCLUSION:The method used in our report is a quick and useful assay for patients with unconfirmed drug overdose in emergency unit,but caution should be taken in the result interpretation to doctors.