Objective To investigate the evaluation standard and proper time point of anti-tuberculosis trial for differential diagnosis between intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) and Crohn's disease (CD). Methods Clinical data and endoscopic changes of 28 patients with confirmed ITB and 11 with confirmed CD,who underwent anti-tuberculosis trail, were retrospectively analyzed. Results No significant difference could be found in clinical characteristics of ITB and CD patients on baseline, such as active pulmonary tuberculosis, strong positive skin test and anal fistula/perianal abscess. Clinical symptoms were relieved in both groups right after anti-tuberculosis treatment. After 3 months of treatment, the no-improvement rate in ITB group was 0, whereas that of CD group was 27.3% (P =0. 004). The disappearance rate plus improvement rate of ulcer in ITB group was 90. 9% (20/22) plus 9. 1% (2/22) and 100% ( 28/28 ) plus 0 at 3 and 6 months of treatment, respectively. The disappearance rate plus improvement rate of nodular lesion was 58. 8% (10/17) plus 41.2% (7/17) and 76. 5% (13/17) plus 23.5% (4/17), respectively. There was no obvious improvement of active ulcer or nodular transformation in CD group at any time point ( P ＜ 0. 01 ).Conclusion With deficiency of special index for differential diagnosis of ITB and CD, some cases hard to differentiate still have to accept anti-tuberculosis treatment. Three months of anti-tuberculosis treatment is a proper time point to evaluate the efficacy. Disappearance of active ulcer and nodular transformation, together with cure or obvious improvement in clinic are taken as effective for treatment trail.

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of thalidomide in refractory Crohn's disease (CD).Methods A total of 21 moderate or severe active CD patients were enrolled,who had no response to glucocorticoid and azathioprine treatment or steroid-dependent.The patients were administrated with thalidomide 100 mg/d before sleep and followed up for one year.The clinical efficacy,endoscopic findings and safety were evaluated.Results Among 21 refractory CD patients,six patients stopped medication due to adverse effect and two because of ineffectiveness,three patients continued medication not completed one year follow-up,10 patients completed one year follow-up.The clinical remission,effective and ineffective rates were 23.8％(5/21),19.0％(4/21) and 57.1％(12/21) respectively.Under endoscope,the mucosal healing,improvement and no improvement rates were 9.5％(2/21),14.3％(3/21) and 76.2％ (16/21) respectively.The adverse effect rate was 71.4％ (15/21) including rash,conspitation,sommolence,numbness of hands and feet,leucopenia and muscular soreness.The mean time of the adverse effects onset was 3.4 weeks.Conclusions Thalidomide is effective in refractory CD treatment and could be used in patients unwilling to use biological medication or receive surgery.But the adverse effects should be noted.

Objective To inspect the efficacy and mucosa healing condition of infliximab with azathioprine combination therapy in Crohn's disease (CD) and its correlation with prognosis.Methods A total of 20 active CD patients who received infliximab and azathioprine combination therapy at The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were objects of this study.The clinical efficacy was evaluated at 10 weeks,30 weeks,54 weeks and 2 years respectively according to CD activity index.The efficacy was evaluated under endoscopy at 10 weeks,30 weeks,54 weeks and 2 years respectively according to mucosal response situation under endoscopy.The data were analyzed by analysis of variance or Fisher's exact test between two groups.The factor affecred mucosal healing was analyzed by Logistic regression analysis.Results The clinical remission rate of patients without steroid at week 10,30,54 and 2 year were 12/20,16/20,15/20 and 15/20 respectively.Mucosal healing rate at week 10,30 and 54 weeks were 8/20,12/20 and 10/20 respectively.Logistic regression analysis indicated that age was the only factor affected mucosal healing at 30 weeks (OR =0.774,95％ CI:0.630 to 0.950).There was significant differences in clinical remission between mucosa response patients and invalid under endoscopy at 30 weeks and 2 years without steroid (at 30 weeks:14/14 vs 2/6; at 2 years:14/14 vs 1/6; all P＜0.01).Infliximab were withdrawn in 4 of 16 patients who was in non-steroid clinical remission at 30 weeks,and the other 12 patients were continued with infliximab therapy.There was no significant difference in non-steroid clinical remission rate (4/4 vs 11/12) and mucosa healing rate (2/4 vs 7/12) between withdrawal and continue of infliximab therapy (all P＞0.05).Conclusions Infliximab with azathioprine combination therapy can effectively promote and maintain mucosa healing in CD.The mucosa response patients can maintain long time non-steroid clinical remission.

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of step-up and top-down infliximab therapy on patients with Crohn's disease (CD).MethodsA prospective and open-label study was performed by the First Affiliated Hospital of SUN Yat-sen University during September 2007 to December 2010.Active CD patients who were refractory to steroid/immunomodulator or who were steroid-dependent were enrolled into step-up group.Active CD patients who had no steroid or immunomodulator therapy before were enrolled into top-down group. All patients were intravenously infused with infliximab of 5 mg/kg body weight in an induction regimen of 3 doses at week 0,2 and 6,followed by maintenance dosing every 8 weeks beginning at week 14.The clinical and endoscopic follow up lasted 30 weeks.Clinical symptoms and mucosal healing status under endoscopy were evaluated by follow-up at week 10 and 30.Results Forty-one CD patients were enrolled,with 24 in step-up group and 17 in top-down group. There were significant differences in disease duration (P =0.006),combination therapy (P ＜ 0.001 ) and severity of disease ( P =0.011 ) in baseline between step-up and top-down groups.At week 10 and 30 during treatment,the clinical remission rates in step-up group were 45.8％ (11/24) and 58.3％ (14/24) respectively; the mucosal healing rates in step-up group were 33.3％ (8/24) and 54.2％ (13/24) respectively; the clinical remission rates in topdown group were 70.6％ ( 12/17)and 82.4％ (14/17) respectively; and the mucosal healing rates in topdown group were 35.3％ (6/17) and 52.9％ (9/17) respectively.No significant differences in clinical remission and mucosal healing rates at both week 10 and 30 were observed between the two groups.The prevalences of adverse events in step-up and top-down group were 41.7％ (10/24) and 29.4％ (5/17)respectively ( P =0.422).ConclusionBoth step-up and top-down infliximab therapy can induce remission in more than half of CD patients,while top-down therapy might be more benefitiary to symptom and endoscopic remission.

Objective:To investigate the effects of Helicobacter pylori on NLRP3 inflammasomes activation in THP-1 ( human monocytic cell line) -derived macrophages and evaluate the role of ROS.Methods:H.pylori strain SS1 was co-cultured with the THP-1-derived macrophages at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1∶100 based on trial results with different MOIs (ratios of THP-1 cells to bacteria ranging from 1∶25 to 1∶200).The co-culture supernatants and THP-1 cells were collected at various time points (3 h,6 h,12 h,24 h) and cytokine production was quantitated using ELISA analysis.The generation of intracellular ROS was detected by FCM,and the mRNA transcript levels of NLRP3 and caspase-1 were measured by Real-time PCR.Western blot was employed to analyze the expression of active caspase-1 subunit ( p10).Then we observed the inhibitory effects of NAC and siRNA specific for NLRP3 on the ex-pression of NLRP3 inflammasome-related components and the secretion of cytokines induced by H.pylori.Results:We found that H.pylori SS1 induced IL-1βand IL-18 production in human acute monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 in a time-and dose-dependent manner.We further showed that H.pylori could induce the mRNA expressions of NLRP3 and caspase-1 in THP-1 cells.Moreover, release of IL-1βand IL-18 from H.pylori-infected THP-1 cells was suppressed by the ROS scavenger NAC,which was an agent known to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome formation.NAC administration also resulted in a significant decrease in the level of H.pylori-induced caspase-1 protein expression in THP-1 cells.Additionally,secretion of IL-1βand IL-18 in response to H.pylori infection was remarkably reduced by NLRP3-siRNA.Conclusion:The induction of IL-1βand IL-18 secretion by H.pylori strain SS1 in THP-1 cells could be mediated through activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via ROS signaling pathway, which may be involved in the host innate immune defence and the pathogenesis of the bacteria.

Objective To analyze current situation and problems of health manager training in the pilot training areas. Method With the recommendations of health administration deputies in the plot areas of Shanghai, Chongqing and Urumqi, 2 centers for community health services (CHSs) were selected in each area, 9 relative persons were interviewed, 3 focus group discussions (FGDs) involved 18 persons were held totally. The FGDs focused on such questions as“the general information of the training students”“the objectives and purposes of the training in each area”, and so on. Field investigation and qualitative analysis were used to investigate the status quo and main problems of the training of health manager in the pilot areas. Result The problems of the training of health manager existing in the pilot areas mainly are:part of teachers were not fully competent to the training of health manager, training of operant skill was insufficient, training course was not unified, the assessment mechanism was not perfect. Conclusion Optimizing the construction of teachers team, standardizing the training content, increasing the time of operating skills training, establishing a unified and standardized assessment mechanism are essential.

BACKGROUND:Umbilical cord as childbirth waste has wide variety of sources and can be easily obtained, without any ethical and legal restrictions. Therefore, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells break al the restrictions originated from other sources of mesenchymal stem cells. OBJECTIVE:To review the application of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in cartilage diseases, neuroglioma, ischemic brain injury, lung disease, liver disease and models of myocardial infarction. METHODS:The PubMed and Wanfang databases were searched by the first author using the keywords of“human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, disease models, celltherapy”in English and Chinese, respectively. Seventy-three articles were searched and final y, 35 articles were included in result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells have multilineage differentiation capacity similar to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Compared with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells have lower immunogenicity. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells show certain curative effects on cartilage disease, neuroglioma, ischemic brain injury, lung disease, liver disease and myocardial infarction, indicating that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells can be used for celltransplantation to treat various diseases.

BACKGROUND:Tree shrew is a representative between insectivore and primates, has a high degree of evolution, is more inexpensive primates, has high use of medical biology, and has been attached by scholars. OBJECTIVE:To detect whether the commonly used secondary antibodies have immune response with tree shrew serum. METHODS:Western blot assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay were utilized to detect whether the tree shrew serum had cross-reacts with anti-rabbit, anti-goat, anti-human, anti-mouse, anti-rat, and anti-monkey secondary antibodies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Western blot assay results indicated that tree shrew serums did not react with anti-rabbit, anti-goat, anti-human, anti-mouse, and anti-rat secondary antibodies and had cross reaction with anti-monkey secondary antibody. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay results also indicated that tree shrew serums were cross-reactive with anti-monkey secondary antibody, but did not have cross-reactivity with the other secondary antibodies. Above data confirmed that the usual y soled secondary antibody cannot be used to immunoassay with tree shrews IgG. Only anti-monkey secondary antibody has cross-react with tree shrew serum. It is necessary to prepare anti-tree shrew IgG monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. When no antibody is readily available at present, anti-monkey secondary antibody can be used to substitute detection, and can be widely applied in the study of tree shrew models of disease.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of double dosage Tamsulosin in treating patients with type Ⅲ prostatitis.Methods According to the results of prostate secretion(EPS) examination and the national institute health-chronic prostatitis symptom index(NIH-CPSI) questionnaire,120 patients with type Ⅲ prostatitis were recruited and randomly divided into single dosage group (n =60),treated with 0.2 mg Tamsulosin and placebo once daily for 12 weeks,and double dosage group (n =60),treated with 0.4mg Tamsulosin once daily for 12 weeks.Before treatment,the NIH-CPSI total scores in single and double dosage group were 26.91 ± 4.08 and 27.31 ± 4.98,respectively.The pain index in each group was 10.64±2.23 and 11.47 ± 3.00,respectively.The voiding index was 6.52 ± 2.24 and 6.41 ± 2.97 respectively.In those groups,the quality of life index was 9.68 ± 1.81 and 9.45 ± 1.79,respectively.All those items didn't show significant difference among those groups (P ＞ 0.05).The patients were follow-up and evaluate by those items on weeks 12.Results Because of losing during follow-up,4 patients were excluded from single dosage group.2 patients were excluded from double dosage group.After treatment in single dosage group,the NIH-CPSI total scores were 12.11 ± 3.60,pain index were 3.57 ± 1.67,voiding index were 2.88 ± 1.70,quality of life index were5.59 ± 2.06.After treatment in double dosage group,the NIH-CPSI total scores were 9.90 ± 4.15,pain index were 3.21 ± 2.21,voiding index were 2.21 ± 2.11,quality of life index were 4.50 ± 1.97.After 12 weeks treatment,the NIH-CPSI total scores,pain index,voiding index,quality of life index in both two groups were improved (P ＜ 0.05),and the double dosage group improve better(P ＜ 0.05).In the course of treatment,there were 2 cases of patients (3.8％) with adverse drug reactions in single dosage group,including dizziness in 1 case,headache in 1 cases.There were 4 cases of patients (6.9％) with adverse drug reactions in double dosage group,including dizziness in 3 cases of and rhinitis in 1 case.The rate of adverse reactions had no significant differences in the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Compared with single dosage Tamsulosin in the treatment of type Ⅲ prostatitis,double therapy had a better efficacy.Double dosage Tamsulosin therapy had an equal safety to the single dosage Tamsulosin.

Objective To explore the different apoptotic gene expressions and apoptotic signaling transduction of human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells infected by enterovirus 71 (EV71) in different stage.Methods The survival of EV71-infected RD cells was observed by trypan blue staining.The apoptotic morphology and rates of RD cells were surveyed and detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and flow cytometry,respectively.PCR array was employed to analyze 88 apoptotic gene expressions from EV71-infected RD cells at 8 h and 20 h postinfection (p.i),respectively.Results After RD cells were infected with EV71 (MOI =5) at 8 h p.i,the viability was significantly decreased.Flow cytometry data demonstrated that the apoptotic rates of EV71-infected RD cells had increased to 18.0％ and 19.1％ at 20 h p.i in early and later stage respectively.RT-PCR array studies revealed significant variations in the expression of apoptotic genes.Among 88 genes,only the expression of IFN-β1 was upregulated 5.22 folds,whereas 47 genes including ACIN1,Akt,Apaf1,caspase and CIDEB were found to be downregulated that were lower than 2 folds at 8 h p.i.However,28 genes including FasL,CD40L,TNF,caspase-10 and caspase-3 were induced more than 2 folds after EV71 infection at 20 h.Conclusion The downregulation of apoptosis-related genes is associated with viral apoptosis-suppressing effect in RD cells in the early stage of EV71 infection.The death receptor signaling pathways including Fas/FasL and TNF/TNFR are activated to induce cell apoptosis in the late stage of EV71 infection.Moreover,host cell can also inhibit apoptosis by regulating signal pathway of CD40/CD40L,NF-κB/RelA and PI3K/Akt activation.