Unplanned extubation (UEX) is defined as premature removal of the indwelling catheter tube by a patient (deliberate unplanned extubations) or by staff during nursing and medical care (accidental extubations). UEX, either deliberate or accidental, can cause severe damage of patients, with the increasing of hospital costs and medical disputes. Identifying high-risk patients is the key point of reducing UEX. This review conclude risk assessment tools reported for UEX.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss blood collection tubes with different additives and their effects on the testing results of alcohol concentration in blood samples. METHODS: Blood samples from 10 volunteers were collected 2 hours after drinking with seven different types of disposable vacuum blood collection tubes, including ordinary tube without anticoagulant, coagulant tube, separating gel-coagulant tube, sodium citrate (1:4) tube, sodium citrate (1:9) tube, sodium citrate (9:1) tube and EDTA-K2 tube. The alcohol concentrations in these blood samples were analyzed by headspace gas chromatography. RESULTS: The concentration testing results of the same blood samples in different types of tubes were different from one to another. The sequence was as follows: separating gel-coagulant tube > coagulant tube > ordi- nary tube without anticoagulant > EDTA-K2 tube> sodium citrate (1:9) tube> sodium citrate (1:4) tube, whereas the results of the same blood sample in sodium citrate (1:9) tube and sodium citrate (9:1) tube showed no obvious difference. CONCLUSION It is better to collect a suspicious drunk driver's blood sam- ple using a disposable vacuum blood collection tube, with the EDTA-K2 tube being preferred.
Anticoagulants ; Blood Specimen Collection/methods* ; Citrates ; Ethanol/blood* ; Humans ; Sodium Citrate

AIM: To investigate the clinical therapeutic effects of human umbilical vein (HUV)implantation and mitomycin C (MMC) in non-penetrating trabecular surgery (NPTS). METHODS:A total of 32 patients (46 eyes) with uncontrolled primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) were divided into two groups: HUV+MMC group (n=25), SKGEL+MMC group (n=21). The procedure commenced with the creation of a limbus based conjunctival flap. After the dissection of a superficial limbus based rectangular scleral flap, MMC(0.4mg/mL) was used superior and inferior surface of the superficial scleral flap for three minutes. A second limbus based scleral flap was carefully dissected beneath the previous one towards the choroid. Schlemm's canal was deroofed during the extension of the deep scleral flap toits limbal edges. HUV or SKGEL fixed on the bed of sclera in experimental group. Postoperative examinations were performed at 1 week,2,4 weeks;2,6,12 months. IOP,best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), functional blebs and success rate were examined. RESULTS: There were no statistically differences with postoperative IOP in HUV+MMC group and SKGEL+MMC group (P>0.05) during 1 week to 12 months. There was no difference with postoperative function blebs and the change of BCVA during 1 week to 12 months between HUV+MMC group and SKGEL+MMC group (P>0.05).At 12 months after surgery, the success rate was 84% in HUV+MMC group,86% in SKGEL+MMC group. CONCLUSION: The application of HUV in NPTS can prevent the adhesion of filtering channel and it can improve the success rate of NPTS. Compared with SKGEL, HUV has lower price. So it is a better implant.

Objective To compare the similarities and differences of the five detection methods used in the detection of fungi in vaginal secretions,and find the most sensitive、the most specific、the fastest、the most cost effective and the simplest method used in the detection of fungi in vaginal secretions.Methods A total of 442 patients were selected from the Department of Gynecology of Shenzhen OCT Hospital from May 2016 to August 2016.The vaginal secretion of 442 specimens was detected by using the methods of fungi culture、saline and KOH suspension method,Gram stain,Wright''s stain and Vaginitis Multi Test Kit.In these five methods,Fungi culture were using as gold standard to evaluate the specificity,sensitivity,negative predictive value,positive predictive value and accuracy of the other four methods.Results Using the fungus culture method to detect 442 cases of vaginal secretion,we found the positive rate of mycotic infection was 34.8%(154/442).Compared with the fungi culture method,the Specificity of saline and KOH suspension method was 97.9%,the sensitivity was 64.9%,the negative predictive value was 83.9%,the positive predictive value was 94.3% and the accuracy was 86.4%;the Specificity of Gram stain was 96.5%,the Sensitivity was 83.1%,the negative predictive value was 91.4%,the positive predictive value was 92.7% and the accuracy was 91.8%;the Specificity of Vaginitis Multi Test Kit was 84.7%,the Sensitivity was 46.8%,the negative predictive value was 74.8%,the positive predictive value was 62.0% and the accuracy was 71.5%;the Specificity of Wright''s stain was 96.9%,the Sensitivity was 78.6%,the negative predictive value was 89.4%,the positive predictive value was 93.1% and the accuracy was 90.5%.Conclusion Gram stain could be the most sensitive and specific method in the four methods,with highest accuracy,and the the fastest,the most cost effective and the simplest method for the detection of fungi in vaginal secretions.The accuracy of detecting fungi in vaginal secretions could be improved by the combination of Gram stain method in clinical work.

Objective: To explore the efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCF). Methods: A retrospective analysis of 76 patients with OVCF treated with single and double pedicle approach PVP from April 2016 to June 2017 in the First Affiliated Hospital of He′nan University was conducted.According to the operation method, the patients were divided into unilateral group (42 patients, unilateral pedicle approach), and bilateral group (34 cases, bilateral pedicle approach). The operation time, number of intraoperative X-rays, amount of bone cement injection, height of the vertebral body and the complications were compared between the two groups.The visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Oswestry dysfunction index(ODI) score were used to assess the recovery of the patients. Results: The unilateral group had less operative time[(33.01±3.78)min], intraoperative X-ray number[(22.06±3.85) times]and bone cement injection[(3.53±0.42) mL] compared with the bilateral group (t=8.54, 5.98, 4.74, all P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the recovery of vertebral height and complications between the two groups (all P>0.05). The postoperative VAS and ODI of the two groups were significantly improved compared with those before operation (all P<0.05). Conclusion In the case of reasonable indications, the unilateral approach PVP is better than bilateral, and unilateral approach PVP should be the first choice for OVCF.

Objective To analyze the outcomes of radiotherapy for keloids by high energy electron beams and the factors influencing the treatment outcome.Methods From Jan 1998 to Jun 2012,846lesions in 578 patients received radiotherapy.The median age is 29 years old (range 5-80 years old).There are 841 lesions with postoperative radiotherapy and 39 lesions with skin-grafting.656 lesions treated within 1 day after operations.The max diameter of 348 keloids are ＞ 5 cm.We used 6 MeV and 7 MeV electron-beam radiation therapy.The total dose ranging from 16-18 Gy/2f (interval 1 week).Treatment fields including entire keloid scars,and any suture/puncture holes with a 1 cm-margin around the lesion were used.The skin grafting patients need radiotherapy after the flap survived (about 10-15 days after the operation).The median follow-up period was 36 months (range 8-185 months).Results There are 736 (87.0％) of 846 lesions with radiotherapy effective.Other 89 (10.5％) lesions relapse in 4-33 months (median 12 months).21 lesions were of no avail.The univarate analysis shows that keloids length,keloids location,skin-grafting,interval between operations and irradiations are the influencing factors of outcomes (P =0.007,0.000,0.000,0.001).The multivariate analysis shows that keloids location and skin-grafting remained statistically significant differences (P =0.001,0.001).Most of the recurrence cases are large and bent scars.Conclusions High-energy electron-beam radiotherapy for keloids can receive good outcomes.Treatment fields flat is very important for electron-beam radiotherapy.

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is the initiator of RNA interference and inhibits gene expression by targeted degradation of specific messenger RNA. siRNA-mediated gene regulation has high efficiency and specificity and exhibits great significance in the treatment of diseases. However, the naked or unmodified siRNA has poor stability, easy to degrade by nuclease, short half-life, and low intracellular delivery. As an emerging non-viral nucleic acid delivery system, ionizable lipid nanoparticles play an important role in improving the druggability of siRNA. At present, one siRNA drug based on ionizable lipid nanoparticles has been approved for the treatment of rare disease. This review introduces the research progress in ionizable lipid nanoparticles for siRNA delivery, focusing on the effect of each component of lipid nanoparticles on the efficiency of siRNA-mediated gene silencing, which provides new references for the studies on ionizable lipid nanocarriers for siRNA delivery.

Objective To evaluate the impact of sarpogrelate on the in-stent restenosis (ISR) after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in peripheral arterial diseases (PAD).Methods PAD patients who had PTA for the first time were divided into two groups receiving respectively clopidogrel and aspirin (clopidogrel group) or sarpogrelate and aspirin (sarpogrelate group).Vascular ultrasonography was performed at 6 months after PTA in all patients to evaluate the degree of ISR.Results 62 patients finished the follow-up visits as required.The in-stent restenosis in the sarpogrelate group and clopidogrel group was 7.0％ vs.18.1％ (P =0.036),the peak systolic velocity ratio was 1.34 vs.2.08 (P =0.010) and the cases of ISR was 1 vs.10 (P =0.005) respectively.No patients reported serious adverse events.Conclusions Sarpogrelate combined with aspirin is safe and effective.Compare with clopidogrel and aspirin,sarpogrelate and aspirin can significantly reduce the rate of ISR after PTA and the intimal proliferation in the stent.

Objective Severe bronchial stricture due to endobronchial tuberculosis is often accompanied by complex complication,such as obstructiv pneumonia,destroyed lung and bronchiectasis.Its treatment is very diffucult.The present report is to investigate and analyze the indication and efficacy of surgical treatment of bronchial stricture due to severe endobronchial tuberculosis.Methods Reviewed the clinico-pathological records documenting the surgical outcomes in 81 bronchial stricture due to severe endobronchial tuberculosis who underwent lobectomy or pneumonectomy enrolled in our hospital between January 1990 and December 2010.There were 29 male and 52 female.Mean age was(36 ± 12) years (ranged 16-66 years).The three most common reasons of surgery were bronchial stricture accompanied by pulmonary atelectasis,destroyed lung and bronchiectasis(76 cases,93.8％).79 cases had elective operation,whereas one patients required emergency surgery.Pueumonectomy in 51,lobectomy in 16,sleeve resection in 11,segmental resection in 2,and exploratory thoracotomy in 1.If frozen pathological examination showed that endobronchial tuberculosis remained in the bronchial stump,it was covered with muscle flaps,including intercostal muscle flap in 6 cases,latissimus dorsi muscle flap in 5 cases,serratus anterior muscle flap in 5 cases.The mean operative time was 3.2 h (range between 2 h and 5.5 h) and the blood loss averaged 546 ml (range between 100ml and 4 000 ml).The post operative hospital stay averaged(12 ±8)days.Results No intraoperative or early postoperative death occurred.Nine patients developed complications,including BPF in 2,pulmonary infection in 2,empyema in 1,hemorragic shock in 1,hemothorax in 1,incision infection in 1,chylothorax in 1.All 9 cases recovered well after treatment.Pathological examination showed that tuberculosis bronchial remained in the brinchial stump in 13 cases.Neither BPF nor empyema occurred in all the 13 cases.Multivariate analysis revealed that destroyed lung was significant risk factor of postoperative complication.There were 3 late deaths.Five year survival rate was 96.2％.Conclusion Surgical treatment is still the recommeded treatment modatity for bronchial stricture caused by endobronchial tuberculosis due to its excellent results.It should be performed in time when the drug and intraluninal treatment were no effect for avoiding of being progeressed into destroyed lung.

BACKGROUND: Xinjiang is a multi-ethnic region with significant differences in local geographical position, economic development and climatic environment. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the occurrence and development tendency of birth defects, disease categories and disparity among different ethnic groups and regions in Xinjiang.METHODS: A stratified cluster random sampling observation was performed in 13 counties (cities) according to the status of ethnical distribution and local economics of Xinjiang. Quarter Report Sheet on Babies and The defect babies register card were filled as the scheme of Chinese birth defect monitoring, and ICD10 diagnostic code was adopted in birth defect diagnosis. The birth defects rate was calculated from January 2005 to December 2008, and the disease categories and disparity among different ethnic groups and regions in Xinjiang were analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The average incidence rate of birth defect was 9.74‰, which was dramatically descended in 2006 and ascended afterward yearly. The incidence rate of countryside was higher than city, and male more than female. In geography, south of Tianshan Mountain was higher than north and east in birth defect incidence. Among major ethnic groups in Xinjiang, Sibe and Uygur had the highest birth defect incidence rate, followed by Man, Hazakh, and Han. The birth defect incidence of Han, Uygur and Hazakh people showed descend tendency, Hui, Mongolia, and Man people fluctuated, yet Sibe's rate had a change of rise and fall. The first five birth defect entities were neural tube deformity, cleft lips, anencephaly, congenital hydrocephalus and cleft palate combined with cleft lips. The birth defects rates are different from ethnic groups and regions in Xinjiang.