Objective To investigate the influencing factors for late-preterm birth of twins. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 301 twins delivered in Beijing Haidian Maternity and Child Health Hospital between August 1, 2011 and August 31, 2013. Twins with late-preterm births were classified as the observation group(n=138) and those delivered at term were classified as the control group (n=163). Comparison between the two groups was conducted on both maternal and neonatal complications. Two independent sample Student's t test, Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed for statistical analysis. Results (1) The ratio of two male fetuses, dichorionic diamniotic twins, and iatrogenic preterm birth were 41.3% (57/138), 76.1% (105/138) and 65.2% (90/138), respectively, in the observation group, while 23.9% (39/163), 89.6% (146/163) and 96.9% (158/163), respectively, in the control group (χ2=10.40, 9.81 and 53.59, respectively, all P<0.05). Mean birth weight of twins in the observation group was less than that in the control group [(2 450±349) vs (2 640±304) g, t=7.12, P<0.05]. Maternal age, gravidity, parity, history of abortion, mode of conception and 1 min Apgar score of the neonates between the two groups were not significantly different (all P>0.05). (2) The risk factors for late-preterm birth of twins included hypertension diseases complicated pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, premature rupture of membranes, fetal distress, anemia and umbilical cord abnormality [OR=0.190(95%CI: 0.094-0.387), 1.980 (95%CI: 1.009-3.883), 0.030(95%CI: 0.007-0.131), 0.062(95%CI: 0.006-0.642), 0.470(95%CI:0.243-0.908) and 2.779(95%CI:1.093-20.736), respectively, all P<0.01 or 0.05]. (3) The incidences of hyperbilirubinemia, respiratory diseases, hypoglycemia, anemia, and neonatal infection were 27.9%(77/276), 4.4%(12/276), 4.7%(13/276), 4.4%(12/276) and 3.6%(10/276), respectively, in the observation group, which were all higher than those in the control group [9.5%(31/326), 0.6%(2/326), 1.2%(4/326), 0.6%(2/326) and 0.3%(1/326), respectively,χ2=34.33, 9.18, 6.61, 9.18 and 9.16, respectively, all P<0.05]. The incidence of small for gestational age in the observation group was lower than that in the control group [3.6%(10/276) vs 12.3%(40/326),χ2=3.86, P<0.05]. Other complications in the two groups (intracranial hemorrhage, acidosis, and hemolysis) were not significantly different (all P>0.05). Conclusions Late-premature births in twin pregnancies are related to many maternal and fetal risk factors. Therefore, clear understanding of these risk factors might improve the pregnancy outcomes.

Purpose To explore the value of ultrasound contrast time-intensity curves in hepatic tumor qualitative diagnosis and evaluation of tumor ablation effect. Materials and Methods Forty-two patients who were clinically diagnosed as hepatic cancer or cirrhosis underwent contrast enhanced ultrasound for the tumor lesions within the liver, dynamic analysis of the lesions were executed with software SonoLiver CAP, the nature of the tumors were determined and the results were compared with those of the enhanced MRI. Ultrasound guided biopsy was followed with radiofrequency ablation treatment, two-dimensional and contrast enhanced ultrasound were executed two weeks after the ablation, and the results were compared with enhanced MRI findings during corresponding period. Results 52 tumor nodules were found with two-dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound, 65 (33 hyperplastic nodules, 32 malignant lesions) with CEUS, 65 (21 hyperplastic nodules, 44 malignant lesions) with ultrasound contrast time-intensity curves, and 61 (20 hyperplastic nodules, 41malignant lesions) with contrast enhanced MRI; pathological examination revealed that 26 of the lesions were benign and 39 were malignant;there was statistically significant difference (χ2=4.561, P<0.05) between the results of ultrasound contrast time-intensity curves and simple contrast enhanced ultrasound for the assessment of the nature of tumor;no statistically significant difference (χ2=0.003, P>0.05) was found between ultrasound contrast time-intensity curves and enhanced MRI for the assessment of the nature of tumor;there was statistically significant difference (χ2=5.298, P<0.05) between ultrasound contrast time-intensity curves and simple contrast enhanced ultrasound for the assessment of whether the tumor was malignant or benign, when taking biopsy results as the reference standard. Conclusion With ultrasound contrast time-intensity curves, dynamical, intuitive, and quantitative evaluation can be obtained for the perfusion differences between the lesion and the surrounding liver parenchyma, which provides more accurate information for qualitative diagnosis of hepatic tumors thus contains great application value in the evaluation of the effects of radiofrequency ablation for hepatic tumors.

Objective To investigate the effect of tacrolimus on the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in HaCaT cells stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and on the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)α and β in untreated HaCaT cells in vitro.Methods Cultured Ha CaT cells were treated with TNF-α(10μg/L) only,combination of TNF-α(10μg/L) and various concentrations (10-8mol/L, 10-7mol/L,10-6moL/L) of tacrolimus or tacrolimus of different concentrations only.After additional 12-,24-, 36- or 48-hour cnlture, Westem blot and immunofluorescenee-confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to detect the expressions of NF-κB,GRα and GRβ in HaCaT cells.Those untreated HaCaT cells served as the control.Results The relative protein expression level of NF-κB was increased in HaCaT cells after treatment with TNF-α for 24 and 48 hours zompared with untreated ceils (0.73±0.0316 and 0.8925±0.0171 vs 0.4988±0.03506,both P<0.05);however,the increase in NF-κB expression was inhibited by the combination treatment with tacrolimus,and the relative expression level of NF-κB protein was 0.6825±0.0263.0.6200±0.0163 and 0.5575±0.0299 in HaCaT cells treated with TNF-α plus tacrolimus of 10-8mol/L 10-7mol/L and 10-6mol/L,respectively;the difference was significant etween TNF-α-treated cells and those dealt with the combination of NF-α and tacrolimus of 10-7 or 10-6 mol/L (both P<0.05).No significant difference was observed in the expression of NF-κB by HaCaT cells between different time oints treated with tacrolimus of 10-8,10-7 or 10-6 mol/L.Also,there was no zignificant difference in the expression of GRα or GRβ between untreated HaCaT cells and those treated with tacrolimus of 10-8, 10-7 or 10-6 mol/L at any time point.Conclusions Tacrolimus ould inhibit the expression of NF-κB by TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT cells,but does not affect the expression of GRα or GRβ,in untreated HaCaT cells.

Objective: To study the effects of different restorati ve materials on the health of periodontal tissue. Methods: A total of 40 posterior teeth were divided into four groups with 10 in each. Sil ver amalgam, glass ionomer cements, GlasIonomer Cement FX and light curing Mic roglass composite resin were used to restore Class Ⅱ cavity in each tooth of th e 4 groups respectively . 6 months after restoration gingival cervical fluid (GC F) was collected , GCF aspartate aminotransferase (GCF AST) level was tested a nd plaque index was assessed for each case. Results: The s ilver amalgam and light curing Microglass composite resin groups presented less amount of GCF ( P

AIM To study the flavonoids from Morus nigra L.leaves.METHODS The n-butanol fraction of 80％ ethanol extract from M.nigra leaves was isolated and purified by macroporous adsorption resin and preparative HPLC column,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by spectral data.RESULTS Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as quercetin (1),icariside Ⅱ (2),rhodionin (3),rhodiosin (4),quercetin-3-O-β-(2-O-acetyl) galactopyranoside-7-O-α-arabia pyran glucosides (5),salidroside (6),kaempferol-3-O-β-(2-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-glucuronide (7),quercetin-3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 →2)-β-glucopyranosiduronide (8),rhamnetin-3-O-galactoside (9),quercetin-3'-O-β-glucoside (10),quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11).CONCLUSION Compounds 1-10 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Objective:To explore the effect of the solution-focused brief group counseling on relieving procrastination of graduate students.Methods:Totally 33 graduate students with procrastination [the score of Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS) was more than or equal to 3.5] were selected through the Internct.They were randomly divided into two groups,17 in the ordinary counseling group (ordinary group) and 16 in the solution-focused counseling group (SF group).Samples in the SF group were given the solution-focused brief group counseling,while the ordinary group was given ordinary group counseling.The General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES),Self-control Scale (SCS) and Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS) were used to get the outcome of graduate students at baseline,the time after the group counseling (1 week follow-up,1 month follow-up).Results:The interactive effect between group and time of SCS,PPS were statistically significant (Ps ＜0.01).Separate analyses showed that there was no significant difference between two groups in all variables at baseline (Ps ＞0.05).At the end of the group counseling,the SCS scores were higher in the SF group than in the Ordinary group,and the PPS scores were lower in the SF group than in the Ordinary group.Conclusion:It suggests that solution-focused brief group counseling could improve selfcontrol and relieve procrastination.

OBJECTIVE:To promote the research and level of application of pharmacoeconomics in China.METHODS:To expound the current situation of overseas research on pharmacoeconomics and existing problem in its application at home.RE_SULTS & CONCLUSION:Many countries in the world are attaching importance to pharmacoeconomics day by day,however,there exist unclear viewpoints and improper design and data source in pharmacoeconomic research at home.

Objective To explore the effect of educational mode on children' s social adaptive capacity (SAC) through investigating its change of children into kindergarten one year later. MethodsFor this study, participants were divided into three groups, namely study group (SG), control group Ⅰ ( CG Ⅰ ) and control group Ⅱ( CG Ⅱ ). ①SG :30 ～ 47-month-old children at their entrance at one kindergarten of Xi' an city were study by the follow-up study method. There were 119 participants in this trial except 22 lost- visitors. The scores of children's SAC were evaluated at their entrance time and one year later respectively, according to the Social Adaptation Scale for Infant-Junior Middle School's Student Revised by Zuo Qi-hua. ②Control group(CG) :The children,whose classes were randomized,of five classes were divided into CG Ⅰ and the other four classes were CG Ⅱ. There were 107children aged at 30 ～ 46 months in CC Ⅰ , 94 children aged at 42 ～ 59 months in CG Ⅱ. The scores of their SAC were also evaluated according to the same scale on September 2006. The cross-section investigation were used to CG Ⅰ and CG Ⅱ. Results① The mean total score of SAC in SG was higher at one year later ( 10. 52 ± 0.77 ) than that at their entrance time( 10.22 ±0.52) (P＜0.01) ,and the total score of SAC in SG was lower at their en trance time than that of CG Ⅰ (10.49 ±0.06)(P＜0.01 ). ②There was no significant difference in children's SAC between SG at the final stage( 10. 52 ± 0.77 ) and CG Ⅱ(10.40 ± 0.67 ) (t = 1.500, P ＞ 0.05). ③There were no significant difference in children's SAC between boarding care mode( 10.34 ± 0.68 ) and day care one( 10.32 ±0.56) (t = 0.182, P ＞ 0.05 ). ④There were no significant difference in children' s SAC between male ( 10.42 ±0.73) and female( 10.51 ±0.68) in the kindergarten.. ConclusionThe gathered living mode can promote the child SAC development, and the boarding care mode or day care one in one year has no effect on children' s SAC.

Objective To explore the impact of medication self-management module on treatment compli-ance and social function of patients with schizophrenia. Methods 66 inpatients with schizophrenia in their non-acute stage were randomly divided into training group(n=33) and control group(n=33). Both groups received the anti-psychotics therapy. Medication self-management module was only given to the training group for 8 weeks.All subjects were follow up for 6 months and were evaluated with self-made drug treatment compliance rating scale,self-made work ability rating scale, social disability screening schedule(SDSS). Results Treatment compliance,the total scores of SDSS of training group were significantly higher than that of control group after 8 weeks and 6 months: treatment compliance (χ~2=9.188,29.630, P < 0.01); the total scores of SDSS ((2.63±2.74) vs (5.27 ±3.05), (1.69±2.35) vs (4.91±3.06), P=0.000); work ability of training group was significantly higher than that of control group after 6 months (χ~2=19.443, P=0.000). Treatment compliance (χ~2=8.053, P=0. 018), the total scores of SDSS((2.63±2.74) vs (6.81±3.06), P=0.000) of training group after 8 week and 6 months were significantly higher than that of pretraining. Treatment compliance and work ability of both groups on 6 months follow up were significantly lower than that of 8 weeks (P < 0.01). Correlation analysis can-firmed that there was positive relation between the total scores of SDSS and treatment compliance, work ability on 6 months later. Conclusion Medication self-management module could significantly improve treatment compliance,social function and work ability of patients with schizophrenia.

Limonin existed in citrus fruits has been shown to have anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-feedant, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory activities and anti-carcinogenic activities. But the clinical use is limited by its low bioavailability. The aim of this study is to observe the absorption and secretion transport mechanisms of limonin in intestine which can pave the way for the further study and clinical use. The transport characteristics and mechanisms of limonin in rat were studied by in situ intestine perfusion and in vitro Caco-2 cells method. The intestinal absorption of limonin was probably via a facilitated diffusion pathway which was poor and without segment-selection. Verapamil and ketoconazole improved the absorption remarkably according to the result of in vitro Caco-2 cells study; however, probenecid had no significant effect on the absorption. The P-gp efflux and CYP3A4 metabolism were involved in the poor intestinal absorption and low bioavailability of limonin. The exploration of the intestinal absorption mechanism is crucial to the design of dosage form and clinical use of limonin.