This study is to investigate the inhibitory effect of kaempferol on inflammatory response of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated HMC-1 mast cells. The cytotoxicity of kaempferol to HMC-1 mast cells were analyzed by using MTT assay and then the administration concentrations of kaempferol were established. Histamine, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α were measured using ELISA assay in activated HMC-1 mast cells after incubation with various concentrations of kaempferol (10, 20 and 40 µmol.L-1). Western blot was used to test the protein expression of p-IKKβ, IκBα, p-IκBα and nucleus NF-κB of LPS-induced HMC-1 mast cells after incubation with different concentrations of kaempferol. The optimal concentrations of kaempferol were defined as the range from 5 µmol.L-1 to 40 µmol.L-1. Kaempferol significantly decreased the release of histamine, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α of activated HMC-1 mast cells (P<0.01). After incubation with kaempferol, the protein expression of p-IKKβ, p-IKBa and nucleus NF-κB (p65) markedly reduced in LPS-stimulated HMC-1 mast cells (P<0.01). Taken together, we concluded that kaempferol markedly inhibit mast cell-mediated inflammatory response. At the same time, kaempferol can inhibit the activation of IKKβ, block the phosphorylation of IκBα, prevent NF-KB entering into the nucleus, and then decrease the release of inflammatory mediators.
Cells, Cultured ; Histamine ; metabolism ; Humans ; I-kappa B Kinase ; metabolism ; I-kappa B Proteins ; metabolism ; Inflammation ; metabolism ; Interleukin-1beta ; metabolism ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-8 ; metabolism ; Kaempferols ; pharmacology ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Mast Cells ; drug effects ; NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo investigate the sexual partners and sexual behaviors among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) and to examine the factors related with high risky sexual behaviors.

METHODSA total of 200 HIV-positive MSM participants were recruited using "snowballing" sampling from June to December in 2010 in Shanghai. Participants completed the questionnaire which included social demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors with male and female sexual partners in the past 6 months, alcohol consumption, alkyl nitrite use, illegal substances use and depression and anxiety symptoms, etc.

RESULTSOf the 200 HIV-positive MSM participants, 45.0% (90/200) of participants' ages ranged from 26 to 35, and 30.0% (60/200) of the respondents were married. Participants living with a male partner and living with a female partner accounted for 17.0% (34/200) and 9.0% (18/200), respectively. A total of 57.5% (115/200) had anal sex with male and 13.5% (27/200) had sex with female in the past 6 months. The percentage of participants who had 2 or more male anal sexual partners was 36.5% (73/200). During last six months, participants who didn't use condom consistently during anal sexes with men and vaginal sexes with women accounted for 16.0% (32/200) and 3.5% (7/200), respectively. The rate of risky sexual behaviors (any unprotected sex with male or female) during past 6 months was 17.5% (35/200). Factors associated with risky sexual behaviors included getting drunk before last sex (OR = 4.270, 90%CI: 1.676 - 10.881), using alkyl nitrite (OR = 3.397, 90%CI: 1.564 - 7.377) and having casual male partners (OR = 2.951, 90%CI: 1.278 - 5.252) during past six months, getting HIV infection diagnosis in half year (OR = 4.181, 90%CI: 1.939 - 9.013).

CONCLUSIONThere were high rates of unprotected anal sex with men and vaginal sex with women among HIV positive MSM and alcohol and substance use before sex could increase the risk of having unprotected sex.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; psychology ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Risk-Taking ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Unsafe Sex ; statistics & numerical data

Objective To investigate the effects of sulindac sulfide on proliferation and apoptosis of SKBR-3 cells, and then explore its poten-tial molecular mechanism.Methods SKBR -3 cells were incubated with different concentrations of sulindac sulfide (20, 40, 80 μmol? L-1 ) for 24, 48, 72 h, normal group and control group were respectively trea-ted with medium and 0.1%DMSO for the same time.Apoptosis and pro-liferation of SKBR-3 cells were analyzed by using flow cytometry and MTT assay, respectively.Western blot was used to test the protein ex-pression of Bcl -2, Bax, cytochrome C, Caspase -3 and Cleaved Caspase -3. Results Sulindac sulfide inhibited the proliferation of SKBR-3 cells and promoted the apoptosis of cells.After 24 hours of in-cubation, the protein expression of Bcl-2 and mitochondrial cytochrome C markedly reduced ( P<0.05) , the protein expression of Bax, cytosol-ic cytochrome C and Cleaved Caspase -3 significantly increased ( P<0.05) , the protein expression of Caspase -3 had no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion Sulindac sulfide significantly inhibit the proliferation of SKBR-3 cells and promote cells apoptosis. The potential molecular mechanism of pro -apoptosis might be that sulindac sulfide down -regulates the protein expression of Bcl -2 , up-regulates the protein expression of Bax, induces the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, finally activates the Caspase-3 protein and then promotes the apoptosis of SKBR-3 cells.