No abstract available.
alpha-Fetoproteins* ; Chorion* ; Chorionic Gonadotropin* ; Female ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, First*

No abstract available.

The authors have noticed an error in publication of this paper.

BACKGROUND: In a noisy hospital setting, it is not easy to induce hypnosis or sedation calmly. Although the noise stress has been neglected, it seems to disturb a patient's sleep or induction of sedation. Therefore, we tried to evaluate the effects of loud operating room (OR) background noise on bispectral index (BIS) during monitored anesthesia care (MAC) by using an audiometer and BIS monitor. METHODS: Thirty adult patients (ASA class I) were scheduled two times for nasal or dental procedures at an interval of two or three days. In a randomized, cross-over study design, we prospectively compared the BIS values according to the loudness of OR noise in two different depths of sedation during MAC. Propofol target controlled infusion (TCI) was started at a propofol target concentration (CT) 2.0 microgram/ml using a DiprifusorTM with flash mode until a BIS 80 and/or a modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (mOAAS) score of 4 (group 1), and BIS 75 and/or mOAAS score 3 (group 2) was obtained. We evaluated the effect site concentrations and the elapsed time and checked the BIS at 50, 80, 110, and 120 dB of sound pressure level (SPL) in both groups. RESULTS: The BIS at 80, 110 and 120 dB of SPL in group 1 was significantly increased compared to those at 50 dB (P < 0.05). Similarly, the BIS at 110 and 120 dB of SPL in group 1 was significantly increased compared to those at 80 dB (P < 0.05). The patients in their twenties were most susceptible to loud OR noise during sedation. CONCLUSIONS: The loud OR background noise might be possible to interfere with induction of sedation to a degree, which was more noticeable on light to moderate sedation than for deep sedation.
Adult ; Anesthesia* ; Conscious Sedation ; Cross-Over Studies ; Deep Sedation ; Humans ; Hypnosis ; Noise* ; Operating Rooms* ; Propofol ; Prospective Studies

Spermatogenesis in liver flukes, C. sinensis, was investigated by using light and electron microscopes. The epithelium of the testis was composed of a basement membrane, numerous lamellae protuded from the membrance and large number of spermatogonia supported by the lamellae. The lumen of the testis was filled with numerous 8, 16 and 32-cell groups representing primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes and spermatids respectively. None of cell groups with over 32 or under 8 cells was noticed. The process of spermatogenesis is presumably as follows; A cell group of 8 spermatogonia, attached together by a cytophore, is separated from the testis epithelium during the growth period, thus becoming primary spermatocytes. The primary spermatocytes divide to form a cell group of 16 secondary spermatocytes giving rise to a cell group of 32 spermatids through meiotic germ cell division. The spermatids begin to undergo a spermiogenesis. The newly formed sperms remain attached together in the lumen for a while before migrating through the vasa efferentia.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; spermatogenesis ; morphology ; electronmicroscopy

Supernumerary kidney is one of the very rare anomalies of the urinary tract. Only about 75 cases have been reported since it was first described in 1656. Herein we present a case of supernumerary kidney which was diagnosed by ultrasonography, intravenous urography and CT scanning.
Kidney* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Ultrasonography ; Urinary Tract ; Urography

BACKGROUND: The laryngeal mask airway(LMA) is a new type of airway that has many advantages compared with the tracheal tube, but its potential problem might be pulmonary aspiration. This study therefore was designed to investigate the risk of pulmonary aspiration during general anesthesia using LMA. METHODS: We studied 101 patients who received general inhalation anesthesia with LMA and mechanical positive pressure ventilation for gynecological operations. Methylene blue was poured into the oropharynx after the LMA was placed, and the presence or absence of the dye staining of the larynx, tracheal and main stem bronchi with fiberoptic bronchoscope through the LMA shaft lumen was observed one and/or two hour(s) after LMA placement. RESULTS: In two out of 101 patients there was staining of the larynx with methylene blue dye. One was one hour after and the other was stained two hours after LMA placement. CONCLUSIONS: Dye staining of the larynx suggests that even mechanical positive pressure ventilation with LMA placement have the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Therefore LMA is contraindicated if the stomach is not emptied.
Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Inhalation* ; Bronchi ; Bronchoscopes ; Humans ; Inhalation* ; Laryngeal Masks* ; Larynx ; Methylene Blue ; Oropharynx ; Positive-Pressure Respiration ; Stomach ; Ventilation

A morphological study on the ultrastructures of the alimentary tract and the excretory system of Clonorchis sinensis was conducted. The liver flukes were collected from rabbit liver six months after the experimental infection The worms were washed with 0.85 percent saline solution and immediately moved to cold 2.5 percent glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.4. The materials were dissected and fixed for two hours. The blocks were post-fixed in 1 percent osmium tetroxide. The blocks were embedded in Epon 812. Ultra thin sections were cut with Sovall MT-2 ultramicrotome and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Sections were then observed with Hitachi HS-7S electron microscope. The following results were obtained in a series of observations. The walls of oral cavity and esophagus comprised tegumental syncytium, basement membrane, loose connective tissue, muscular layer and parenchymal cells. The apical surface and the base of the syncytium were covered with a protoplasmic membrane for each forming numerous invaginations. Granular endoplasmic reticulum was developed in the epithelium of the oesophagus. The gastrodermis of Clonorchis sinensis comprised two types of cells in general. The first cell type was numerous one forming a single continuous layer of epithelial cells. Each of the cells had outfolded cytoplasm into the caecal lumen and lamellae along the cell surface. Among the above epithelial cells, no considerable differences in structure reflecting their functional states were identified. The second cell type was less differentiated in nature and lay within the gastrodermis above the basement membrane but not in contact with the caecal lumen, being overlapped by neighboring gastrodermal cells of the type described above. At this portion the gastrodermis seemed to be a pseudostratified epithelium. There were well-developed lamellae along the surface of epithelia of all canals or duct concerning evacuation. The excretory pore was 7.5 micrometer in diameter and dorso-terminally opended. The epithelium of the excretory pore, a syncytial layer, contained many microtubules unlike the other part of tegumental layer of this worm. The epithelium thickness of the excretory pore was very irregular(1.3-5.5 micrometer).
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; electron microscopy ; alimentary tract ; liver ; rabbit

BACKGROUND: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a nuclear receptor that regulate adipocyte differentiation and modulate intracellular insulin-signaling events. As such, PPARgamma is a candidate gene for several human disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The objective of our study was to examine the relationship between genetic variation of PPARgamma2 and diabetes and obesity in Korean subjects. METHODS: We studied 99 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 128 obesity patients and 97 controls. Screening for mutation at codon 12 and 115 of PPARgamma2 were carried out by PCR-RFLP analyses. Statistical significance was evaluated by Chi-square test. RESULTS: The allele frequency of the Pro12Ala PPARgamma2 variant were 0.05 in controls, 0.06 in type 2 diabetes group, and 0.07 in obesity group (p=0.47). Pro115Gln variant were only proline homozygote in all groups. Genotype frequencies were also similar and conformed to expectations of the Hardy-Weinberg rule. The presence of PPARgamma2 gene variant was no associated with concentrations of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, and also with fasting glucose. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the Pro12Ala and Pro115Gln PPARgamma2 missense mutation may not be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in Korean patients.
Adipocytes ; Cholesterol ; Codon ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Fasting ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Glucose ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Mass Screening ; Mutation, Missense ; Obesity* ; Peroxisomes ; PPAR gamma* ; Proline ; Triglycerides

Isolated rectal adenomatous polyp without genetic background is rarely found in children. A 4-year and 5 month-old girl was admitted for intermittent bloody stools lasting 4 months. A 1.5x1.2 cm sized rectal polyp was found by air contrast barium enema. Endoscopic polypectomy was performed without complications. In histopathologic examination, it was found to be a tubulovillous adenoma. Typical radiologic, colonoscopic, and pathological pictures are presented.
Adenoma* ; Adenomatous Polyps* ; Barium ; Child* ; Enema ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Polyps ; Rectum*