It is difficult to interpret the infection after glucocorticosteroid treatment because glucocorticosteroid will lead to increased peripheral blood neutrophils.Procalcitonin (PCT) is a major biomarker,which can be used as the basis for early diagnosis of severe bacterial infections.The level of PCT is not inhibited by glucocorticosteroid.PCT can be used to interpret infection as systemic use of glucocorticosteroid

Owing to the continuous improvement of surgical techniques and multiple adjunctive therapy,postoperative convalescence of patients has reached great achievements.There are,nevertheless,many problems left for us to discuss.Fast-track surgery employs a variety of methods,such as neodoxy of oral bowel preparation,intraoperative anaesthesia and fluid management,maintenance of body temperature,early ambulation,pain relief etc,to reduce the morbidity of operative stress,complications,and suffering of patients,as well as accelerating the postoperative convalescence so as to shorten the time patient spend in hospital.Fast-track surgery develops a"patient-centered"attitude,and establishes an ultimate goal as giving full benefit to patients when they are in hospital.

BACKGROUND:The establishment of animal pulmonary hypertension models will promote the improvement of clinical diagnosis and treatment on pulmonary hypertension.OBJECTIVE:To analyze and summarize the establishment of animal pulmonary hypertension models.METHODS:The databases of PubMed and CNKI were retrieved with key words of "pulmonary hypertension and animal model".Studies concerning the following aspects were included:using surgery method to prepare animal pulmonary hypertension models;using drug injection method to prepare animal pulmonary hypertension models;animal severe pulmonary hypertension model;pathophysiological comparison between animal models and pulmonary hypertension patients;and drug intervention on animal pulmonary models.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The methods for animal pulmonary hypertension models construction including:Surgical shunt,monoerotatine injection,chronically hypoxic and so on,in addition,the animal several severe pulmonary hypertension models which appeared at distal pulmonary artery neointimal lesion formation was reported.Through continuous improvement,they have provided insights into pathological cellular and molecular signaling pathways.However,how closely any of the models simulate to the cellular and molecular pathobiology of human pulmonary hypertension was poody understood.

Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have unhealthy diets, sedentary behavior and lack of physical activity. This lifestyle triggers liver disease and probably favors its progression. It is now the most common significant cause of end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. From the perspective of non-pharmacological intervention, lifestyle modifications including diet, exercise, and weight loss remain the most effective therapy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Bariatric surgery in morbidly obese individuals who have failed to lose weight through lifestyle modifications can improve steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Comprehensive treatment measures can produce synergistic effect, but long-term adherence is particularly critical.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the development status of regulatory policies of biosimilars in foreign countries,and to provide reference for perfecting biosimilars regulatory policies in China. METHODS:Comparative analysis was conducted,con-cerning biosimilar regulations and directories which had been issued by WHO,EMA and FDA,in aspects of biosimilars definition, the choice of reference drug,quality studies,non-clinical studies,clinical studies. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Three common points found in foreign regulatory policies were that:firstly,discrepancies were allowed between biosimilars and reference drugs;secondly,the comparison was itemized between biosimilars and reference drugs on safety and effectiveness,in order to guarantee the reliability of quality research;thirdly,clinical and non-clinical studies were reduced with a premise that similarity is confirmed. Given China's current situation,several parts of policies should be improved,including stressing pertinence of reference drug selec-tion,refining preclinical and clinical study directories and establishing supporting system after listing.

Objective To evaluate the effect of Alprostsdil combined with Magnesium Isoglycyrrhizinate on hepatocirrhosis at active phase. Method 74 inpatients collected from our hospital were randomly divided into control group(37 cases)and treatment group(37 cases). The patients in control group were given conventional liver protecting treatment. In addition to routine therapy of the control group, the patients in treatment group received intravenous Alprostadil and Magnesium Isoglycyrrhizinate injection once a day for 4 weeks. Results The total effective rate of treatment group was 67. 6%, and that of control group was 40. 5%, and the difference was significant (P ＜ 0. 05).Conclusion Alprostadil combined with Magnesium Isoglycyrrhizinate has good clinical therapeutic effect on hepatocirrhosis at active phase.

Objective To systematically evaluate maternal perinatal complications and neonatal outcomes after in vitro fertili zation and embryo transplantation(IVF-ET).Methods The computer retrieval was performed on the databases of PubMed,Cochrane library,EMbase,CNKI,Wanfang and Chinese biomedical literature database.The articles on the comparison between IVF and natural pregnancy were included.The RevMan5.3 software was adopted to conduct the meta analysis.Results Twenty-three articles conforming to the requirements were included,including 1 312 651 cases,among them 113 044 cases were IVF and 1 199 607 cases were naturalpregnancy.IVF mother's age was larger than that of natural pregnancy,while the gestational weeks were smaller than those of natural pregnancy,the newborn birth weight was lighter than that of natural pregnancy(P＜0.05);the probability of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH),placenta previa,postpartum hemorrhage and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurrence in IVF mother were higher than that of natural pregnancy (P＜0.05);the rate of multiple and cesarean section in IVF mothers were higher than that of natural pregnancy (P＜0.05);the occurrence rates of small for gestational age(SGA),low birth weight infants,stillbirth and premature in IVF were higher than those of natural pregnancy (P＜0.05).Conclusion The maternal perinatal complications in IVF are higher than those of natural pregnancy,and the birth outcomes in IVF are worse than those of natural pregnancy.

Cell Differentiation ; Cell Proliferation ; Endothelial Cells ; cytology ; Estrogens ; Humans ; Stem Cells ; cytology

Cholesterol ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Metabolic Diseases ; prevention & control ; Phytotherapy

America medical education system has more important effect on our long-education program.Based on the analysis of the characters in medical education between China and America,several suggestions about obstetric and gynecological teaching have been brought up to accommodate the new tendency,as well as the culture of specialists in the future.