As the largest protective barrier of the body,gastrointestinal tract helps the organism resist the invasion and attacks of harmful substances from the outside world.There are three kinds of protective barriers:mechanical barrier,biotical barrier,and immune barrier.In recent years,increasing researches indicate the importance of gastrointestinal immune barrier and the important immunologic mechanism of enteral nutrition in improving the clinical outcome.This article reviews the effect of gut immunity in the improvement of clinical outcome by enteral nutrition.

Objective To investigate intestinal mucosal injury and the change of free amino acid levels in plasma with intestinal ischemia/reperfusion.Methods Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats (SPF grade) were randomly divided into 3 groups with 8 rats in each group:Blank group,Sham group and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) group.The rats in I/R group were subjected to 60 min ischemia by clamping the superior mesenteric artery (SMA),followed by 120 min repeffusion.All rats were sacrificed with blood withdraw through inferior vena cava.The plasma was precipitated with Sulfosalicylic acid and the supernatant free amino acid levels were measured and the intestinal mucosal thickness and villus length were also assayed.Results In the I/R group the total free amino acids,essential amino acids (EAA),glutamine and branched-chain amino acids (BCCA) were remarkably lower [the total free amino acids:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(4585.1 326.1) vs (5661.5 ±581.9) vs (5337.9±998.7) μmol/L (F=5.075,P=0.016); EAA:I/Rvs Blank vs Sham:(1401.3 ±183.4) vs (2147.6 ± 265.1) vs (1796.2 ± 440.8) μmol/L (F =1 1.216,P =0.000) ; glutamine:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(646.1 ± 34.7) vs (895.7 ± 258.8) vs (839.1 ± 163.7) μmol/L (F =4.326,P =0.027) ; BCCA:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(507.8 ± 119.0) vs (912.2 ± 165.8) vs (671.9 ± 79.8) μmol/L (F =10.662,P =0.001)]and the jejunum and ileum mucosal thickness and villus height were decreased compared to Blank and Sham groups [jejunum mucosal thickness:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(401.50 ± 117.79) vs (529.22 ±54.73) vs (499.54 ±64.48) μm (F=31.869,P =0.000) ; jejunum villus height:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(271.37 ± 84.29) vs (365.26 ± 46.98) vs (349.67 ± 56.11) μm (F =30.472,P =0.000) ; ileum mucosal thickness:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(254.20 ± 43.56) vs (324.70 ± 30.56) vs (298.26 ± 58.46) μm (F =30.442,P =0.000) ; ileum villus height:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(169.37 ± 37.25) vs (221.62 ± 37.26) vs (193.25 ± 38.39) μm (F =24.145,P =0.000)],and The EAA and BCAA in the I/R group were lower than the Sham group (respectively,P ＜0.05).There was no significant difference in aromatic amino acids (AAA) among the three groups [I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(273.2 ± 37.4) vs (296.8 ± 55.6) vs (281.9 ± 7.3) μmol/L (F =0.578,P =0.570)].The ratio BCAA/AAA in the Sham and I/R groups were significantly lower than the Blank group [(I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(2.4 ±0.6) vs.(1.9 ±0.4) vs (3.1 ±0.7) (F =5.215,P =0.014)],while the I/R group was decreased slightly compared to the Sham group,but the difference was not significant (P ＞ 0.05).The ethanolamine phosphate,taurine,citrulline,cystine,phosphoserine levels were reduced in the Sham and I/R groups compared to the Blank group [ethanolamine phosphate:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(11.4 ± 1.9) vs (14.3 ± 3.4) vs (10.1±1.7) μmol/L(F=5.897,P=0.009);taurine:I/R vs BlankvsSham:(341.1±36.3) vs(533.2±90.8) vs (439.2±105.4) μmol/L (F=10.702,P=0.001); citrulline:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(57.7±3.2) vs (73.1 ±16.2) vs (58.1 ±3.8) μmol/L (F=6.360,P =0.007); cystine:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(20.0 ± 3.6) vs (60.6 ± 24.6) vs (36.3 ± 5.8) μmol/L (F =15.344,P =0.000) ; phosphoserine:I/R vs BlankvsSham:(10.2±1.1) vs (15.8±5.4) vs (11.7 ±3.4) μmol/L (F=4.878,P=0.018)],and the taurine and cystine in I/R groups were significantly decreased than the Sham group (respectively,P ＜ 0.05).The ornithine and arginine were comparatively reduced in I/R in contrast to the Blank and Sham groups [ornithine:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(81.5 ± 19.0) vs (125.5 ±42.3) vs (114.9 ± 19.5) μmol/L (F =4.961,P =0.017) ;arginine:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(199.2 ± 8.0) vs (258.9 ± 14.6) vs (248.7 ± 38.4) μmol/L (F =13.940,P =0.000)].The tryptophan and glutamic acid concentrations were increased in the Sham and I/R groups [tryptophan:L/R vs Blank vs Sham:(125.9 ± 12.1) vs (103.1 ± 29.9) vs (128.9 ± 18.5) μmol/L (F =5.429,P =0.031) ; glutamic acid:I/R vs Blank vs Sham:(188.6 ± 29.8) vs (93.6 ± 29.4) vs (125.4 ± 43.8) μmol/L (F =15.241,P =0.000)] and it was lower in the Sham group than the I/R group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion can cause intestinal mucosal injury and the change of free amino acid levels in plasma and intestinal barrier damage may be related to the decline glutamine concentration and the increase of protein catabolism.

Objective To investigate the influence of β-lactam antimicrobial drugs on infants′intestinal flora.Methods Infants from 0 to 1 years old were enrolled in the study,who′s feces samples were tested for Bacillus bifidus,lactobacillus,enterococcus and E.coli by using 16S rRNA quantitative PCR technique before using antibiotics,on the third and fifth day duringβ-lactam antibiotics treatment and the seventh day after treatment.Results The numbers of Bacillus bifidus,lactobacillus,E.coli and enterococci detec-ted in usingβ-lactam antibiotics group were not statistically different from those in not using antibiotics group(P >0.05).The num-bers of Bacillus bifidus and lactobacillus increased with the treatment process,the differencies was statistically significant(P <0.05).The recovery of the numbers of intestinal Bacillus bifidus and lactobacillus in not using antibiotics group was significantly faster than using antibiotics group,the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05).Conclusion β-lactam antibiotics have gen-eral killing effect on the intestinal flora in infants,which could recover to normal.The recovery of intestinal flora could be delayed if antibiotics are used,however,reasonable antibiotics treatment would be very helpful in the treatment of primary diseases.

BACKGROUND: Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) proliferation and transmigration and platelet activation cause thrombogenesis and lead to grafted vessel restenosis. Nitric oxide (NO) can inhibit the above-mentioned biological responses, but whether endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene transfection can inhibit the neointimal hyperplasia in graft seeded with SMCs remains uncertain.OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to further investigate the effect of eNOS gene transfection on neointimal hyperplasia in the grafts seeded with SMCs.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: This study, a repeated observation and measurement experiment, was performed at the Central Laboratory and Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Xi'an Jiaotong University Medical College from April 2006 to May 2007.MATERIALS: One 1-month-old New Zealand rabbit was used to acquire SMCs. Another 18 adult New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=6).In normal control group,the vessel graft with no SMCs were transplanted; In SMC/lacZ group, the vessel grafts with SMCs transfected with lacZ were transplanted;In SMC/eNOS group,the vessel grafts with SMCs seeded with eNOS were transplanted.METHODS: Rabbit SMCs were transduced with pseudotyped retroviral vectors, Murine leukemia virus/vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein, carrying genes coding for eNOS or lacZ gene. The SMCs then were seeded on the vessel grafts and implanted into the rabbit abdominal aorta using vessel bypass transplantation.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nitric oxide (NO) content in the supernatant of cells transfected with eNOS and lacZ gene was detected by citrulline method. The grafts were stained with X-gal to visualize the seeded cells: the seeded SMCs were stained blue,while eNOS were stained red. The thickness of the neointima on a graft was measured with a microscope.RESULTS: Eighteen rabbits were all included in the final analysis. NO content in the SMC/eNOS group was significantly higher than that in the normal control group (P<0.05). The SMCs transfected with lacZ gene showed blue after X-gal staining under the inverted microscope. Thirty days after implantation, there was no difference in neointimal thickness between normal grafts and grafts seeded with eNOS or lacZ transduced SMCs (P>0.05).100 days after implantation,the neointimal thickness on grafts seeded with eNOS transduced SMCs was similar to that of unseeded grafts (P>0.05 ), but was significantly thinner than that on grafts seeded with SMCs transduced with only lacZ gene (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: eNOS gene transfection inhibits nenintimal hyperplasia in the vessel graft seeded with SMCs.

BACKGROUND:There are a variety of methods for establishing osteoarthritis animal model, and different methods and different animals have their own characteristics.
OBJECTIVE:To review the status of the research on osteoarthritis animal models.
METHODS:The relevant articles to the osteoarthritis animal models were searched in Medline database from January 2002 to October 2011, with the key words of“animal model, osteoarthritis”in English by the computer. Similarly, Chinese Journal Ful-text Database was retrieved for related articles published in Chinese from January 2002 to October 2011, with the key words of“animal model, osteoarthritis, research development”in Chinese. Total y 423 relevant articles were col ected and 128 of them conformed the standard. At last 40 articles were included to review after ful-text reading.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The artificial induced animal models are the principal means to establish animal models of osteoarthritis and they have been widely used in the study of osteoarthritis pathogenesis, drug efficacy, cartilage physiology and pathology. Spontaneous osteoarthritis animal models have great advantages in the study addressing the initial mechanism of osteoarthritis, the biochemical changes of articular cartilage and the comparison of prevention and cure effects. Transgenic animal models have great application prospects on studying cartilage repairing mechanisms and testing a gene to prevent, delay or reversal the morphological changes. Accordingly the choice of models should be based on research needs.

Objective Determination of polysaccharide content in dried peel seeding watermelon, and its mechanism of lowering blood glucose.Methods The content of polysaccharides in dried peel of seeding watermelon was determined by the method of phenol-sulfuric acid.Mice were given starch and sucrose load,and the mouse blood glucose was examined.The inhibitory activities of seeding watermelon against α-glucosidase were tested by the colorimetry of pNPG.Results The calibration of polysaccharide was A=0.066 4 C+0.022 6, R2=0.999 5, the content of polysaccharide in dried peel of seeding watermelon was 4.45% (n=10,RSD=1.80%);50,100 and 150 mg·kg-1 of polysaccharide could significantly reduce the starch load in mice blood glucose(P<0.01);100 and 150 mg·kg-1 of polysaccharide significantly reduced sucrose load blood glucose(P<0.01);polysaccharide concentration in 18 mg·mL-1 could significantly inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase as the inhibitory rate was (73.19±3.45)% (n=10).Conclusion Seeding watermelon polysaccharide has effect on lowering blood glucose in starch and sucrose load mice, and inhibits α-glucosidase significantly.

Purpose To observe the effect of Rongban Tongmai Granules on thrombosis and blood viscosity of in vitro rat model of blood stasis, and to study the activating blood circulation effect of the drug.Methods To observe the effect of the Rongban Tongmai Granules on thrombosis and blood viscosity of in vitro rat model of stasis, subcutaneous inject rat with epinephrine hydrochloride, and then copy "blood stasis" model by ice water stimulation in rats.Results According to a continuous 7 days′intragastric administration of Rongban Tongmai Granules, thrombus length of blood stasis model rats in vitro reduced significantly (P<0.05-0.01),wet and dry weight of thrombus reduced significantly (P<0.05), the shear rate of the whole blood viscosity under 100 S~(-1), 30 S~(-1), 5 S~(-1) decreased significantly as well (P<0.05-0.01), and the shear rate of whole blood viscosity had decreasing tendency under 200 S~(-1).Conclusion Rongban Tongmai Granules can inhibit thrombosis and lower blood viscosity.

Objecttive To observe the repaired effect of distinct source olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) on spinal cord injury (SCI) rats. Methods These OECs were dissociated from olfactory bulb and olfactory mucosa of SD rats and transplanted to the injuried region of spinal cord injury rats. The function of nerve, motor evoked potential of hind legs and the histopathlogical diversities of injuried spinal cord were observed. Results The OECs grafts into the SCI area could survive longer time. The BBB scale, incubation stage of EP and histopathologic manifestations showed that the group with transplanted OECs regained more improvement in hindlimb than the control group. Conclusion The OECs of two sources have the same ability to regain and improve the axonal function which can promote axons regeneration of SCI.

The high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) are the main components of storage proteins of wheat,and play a critical role in determining the visco-elastic properties of gluten. There are both quantitative and qualitative effects of HMW-GS on the processing properties of wheat. Current knowledge of the molecular structures,compositions and properties of the gluten proteins of wheat is summarized in details,and the role of the HMW-GS in determining the quality of the grain for breadmaking and how their amount and composition can be manipulated leading to changes in dough mixing properties is also discussed systematically.

Abstract: Objective To investigate the type and distribution of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in Hainan tuberculosis hospital from 2019 to 2021, and to provide reference for the development of drug resistant tuberculosis prevention and control strategy. Methods From 2019 to 2021, a total of 1 687 strains of sputum were isolated and cultured and identified as MTB. Drug sensitivity testing was performed on eight anti-tuberculosis drugs: isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RFP, R), ethambutol (EMB), streptomycin (SM), kanamycin (KM), capreomycin (CPM), ofloxacin (OFX), and propylthioisoniacamide (PTO). The drug resistance analysis was conducted. Results Among the 1 687 MTB strains, the overall drug resistance rate was 41.32% (697), with a single drug resistance rate of 11.62% (196), a multi-drug resistance rate of 4.10% (69), a extensive drug resistance rate of 23.71% (400), a pan-drug resistance rate of 1.90% (32), and a rifampicin resistance rate of 28.10% (474), and the main drug resistance types were extensive drug resistance and rifampicin resistance. The order of resistance to the eight drugs was OFX (64) > SM (62) > INH (48) > RFP (19) > CPM (2) > KM (1) > EMB (0) and PTO (0). The rate of resistance to INH and RFP of first-line drugs in newly treated patients was lower than that in retreated patients (χ2=0.110, 0.765; P>0.05); the rate of resistance to second-line drugs OFX, CPM and KM in initially treated patients was lower than that in retreated patients (χ2=1.037, 1.212, 1.653; P>0.05). The total drug resistance rate in 2019 was 51.16%, which was higher than that in 2020 (35.08%) and 2021 (38.89%). The difference between groups was significant (χ2=29.25,16.60; P=0.000), but there was no significant difference in overall drug resistance rate between 2020 and 2021 (χ2=1.823, P=0.177). Among the occupational types of tuberculosis patients, farmers were the main ones, accounting for 56.25% (949). The patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis were mainly distributed in Haikou City (165) > Wanning City (72) > Chengmai County(64) > Wenchang City (51) = Dongfang City (51) > Danzhou City (48), and patients in these six areas accounting for 64.71%(451/697). Conclusions The drug resistance rate of tuberculosis in Hainan Province is relatively high, with OFX and SM resistance being the main types of drug resistance. The extensive drug resistance rate is higher than the national average level. Therefore, surveillance and treatment should be strengthened and optimized to reduce the prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis.