Developmental changes in the expression of two GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) transporter proteins, GAT-1 and GAT-3, in the olfactory bulb of embryonic and postnatal rats were examined with immunocytochemistry using antisera against GAT-1 and GAT-3. The expression and localization of GAT-1 and GAT-3 showed distinct temporal patterns during olfactory bulb development. GAT-1 immunoreactivity appeared weakly in most likely growing axons of the presumptive glomerular layer from embryonic day 18 and increased during the first postnatal week. In contrast, GAT-3 immunoreactivity, first detected at E16, was found in radial glial cell fascicles and was replaced by what were likely astroglial cells postnatally. At P7, GAT-1 and GAT-3 immunoreactivities reached the adult pattern i.e., GAT-1 immunoreactivity was observed in the labeled punctate structures in all layers of the olfactory bulb except the nerve fiber layer, while GAT-3 immunoreactivity was observed in the astroglial processes of all layers of the olfactory bulb. Our results suggest that GABA transporters, especially GAT-3, play important roles in regulating the GABA levels of developing olfactory bulbs.
Adult ; Animals ; Axons ; Ependymoglial Cells ; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins* ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid* ; Humans ; Immune Sera ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nerve Fibers ; Olfactory Bulb* ; Rats

The use of antibiotics in suppurative otitis media has greatly diminished the incidence of its complications. However, incomplete antibiotic therapy has altered the clinical course of middle ear disease to more insidious. Among the complications of suppurative otitis media, Bezold's abscess is a subperiosteal abscess of the temporal bone due to a mastoiditis with extravasation through the inner bony table into the digastric fossa. It has become rare, but the variety of its clinical presentations may embarrass clinicians. In the last two years, we treated two cases of Bezold's abscess different in clinical presentations each other and we report our cases with a review of literatures.
Abscess* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Ear, Middle ; Incidence ; Mastoid ; Mastoiditis ; Otitis Media, Suppurative ; Temporal Bone

The prevalence and related diseases of otitis media with effusion(OME) which is a very common disease in infants and young children were investigated in a group of 3 to 6 year old children. The study population includes 374 children with 185 boys and 189 girls enrolled in 7 kindergartens in Puchun city. The middle ear status was assessed by combination of findings of otomicroscope, pneumatic otoscope, impedence audiometry. The related diseases were evaluated by radiologic findings and questionnare with statistic analysis. Fifty-nine children were considered to have OME(prevalence: 15.8%) with peak at 3 years of age(30.6%). Of the 59 children with OME, fifty-four percent had bilateral involvement and all the remainder had unilateral involvement. The risk for otitis media with effusion increased in children with adenoid enlargement, tonsillar enlargement, and paranasal sinusitis, and this was confirmed to be statistically significant(p<0.01).
Adenoids ; Audiometry ; Child* ; Cross-Sectional Studies* ; Ear, Middle ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do* ; Humans ; Infant ; Otitis Media with Effusion* ; Otitis Media* ; Otitis* ; Otoscopes ; Prevalence* ; Sinusitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Nitric oxide (NO) has been reported to play important roles in the regulation of olfactory information in the mammarian olfactory bulb. Although the distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive neurons in the olfactory bulb in the rat and other animals have been investigated by light microscopy, ultrastructures of the synaptic organization between NOS-immunoreactive neurons have not been studied yet. This study was conducted in order to identify NOS- immunoreactive neurons in the rat olfactory bulb and to define their synaptic organizations under the electron microscope using the preembedding immunocytochemical method which utilizes anti-NOS antiserum. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The olfactory bulbs of the rats were cut into 50 micromiter thick vertical sections and immunostained using the ABS method. Stained sections were observed under the light microscope. Some of the stained sections, additionally stained with uranyl acetate and dehydrated, were embedded in Epon 812 and prepared into 80 nm thick sections to be observed under the electron microscope. RESULT: NOS-immunoreactive neurons of the rat olfactory bulb made up 25.0% of periglomerular cells and 18.9% of granule cells. NOS-immunoreactive periglomerular cells received synaptic input from unlabeled axon terminals of the olfactory nerve and unlabeled periglomerular cells within the glomeruli. The output targets of NOS immunoreactive periglomerular cells were unlabeled axon terminals of the olfactory nerve and unlabeled periglomerular cells. NOS-immunoreactive granule cells received synaptic input from unlabeled processes of granule cells and axon terminals of mitral cells, and made output synapses onto the unlabeled axon terminals of mitral cells. CONCLUSION: NOS-immunoreactive neurons are periglomerular cells and granule cells, and NO liberated from NOS cells may play important roles in the modulation of olfactory transmission.
Animals ; Microscopy ; Neurons* ; Nitric Oxide Synthase* ; Nitric Oxide* ; Olfactory Bulb ; Olfactory Nerve ; Presynaptic Terminals ; Rats* ; Synapses

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sinonasal inverted papillomas are benign but topographically aggressive neoplasms that have a high recurrence rate and seem to be associated with malignancy. The etiology of inverted papilloma remains unknown, but some hypotheses suggest that nasal polyps proliferation and chronic inflammation are due to allergy or various infectious lesions. This study was to elucidate the biological characteristics and the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) and Ebstein -Barr virus (EBV) and the expression of p53 protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in sinonasal inverted papillomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 26 specimens from 26 individuals with normal nasal mucosae (n=10) and inverted papillomas (n=16) to determine the occurance of HPV and EBV infection and the expression of p53 protein and PCNA. RESULTS: Of the 16 Inverted papillomas, HPV DNA was detected in eight cases, HPV 18 was detected in two cases (18%), HPV 16 and HPV 33 were both found in every case (6%), HPV 6 and HPV 16 were coinfected in one case (6%), and other types were found in 3 cases. HPV DNA was not detected in the normal nasal mucosae. EBV DNA was detected in 10 cases (62%) out of 16 inverted papillomas ancl in two cases (20%) of 10 normal nasal mocosae. The altered p53 protein expression was observed in four cases (25%), and positive PCNA staining was detected in four cases (25%) out of 16 inverted papillomas. One positive PCNA staining was detected among 10 normal mucosae. The mean PC10 index was 16.0% in the inverted papillomas group and 4.1% in normal nasal mucosae group. CONCLUSION: An inverse correlation may exist between oncogenic HPV infection and p53 alteration in sinonasa1 inverted papillomas.
DNA ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; Herpesvirus 4, Human* ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; Human papillomavirus 6 ; Humans* ; Hypersensitivity ; Inflammation ; Mucous Membrane ; Nasal Mucosa ; Nasal Polyps ; Papilloma, Inverted* ; Population Characteristics ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen* ; Recurrence

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Nasal polyposis is a chronic inflammatory disease with structural modification of the mucosal epithelium and the lamina propria. In one of recent studies related to the lamina propria, the myofibroblast, which is a potent inducer of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis, was found to increase the pedicle area of the nasal polyp. In this study, we intended to quantify epithelial cell proliferation of the polyp. We also tried to identify the active area of epithelial proliferation within nasal polyp and to compare it with the active area of ECM synthesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During the endoscopic surgery of nasal polyposis patients, anatomically intact polyp, uncinate process, inferior turbinate and middle turbinate were sampled. The normal nasal mucosa of the inferior turbinate and the septum were obtained from patients who underwent septoplasty. The proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in the samples were quantified by immunohistochemistry. The PCNA index of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: Epithelial proliferation of the nasal polyp was found to be more active than the normal nasal mucosa. The active area of epithelial proliferation within the nasal polyp was the body area. CONCLUSION: The active area of epithelial proliferation was different from the pedicle area, which is the active area of ECM production.
Epithelial Cells* ; Epithelium ; Extracellular Matrix ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mucous Membrane ; Myofibroblasts ; Nasal Mucosa* ; Nasal Polyps* ; Polyps ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; Turbinates

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Although allergic rhinitis is one of the most common factors associated with the development of chronic rhinosinusitis, the role of allergy in the severity of chronic rhinosinusitis was not well defined. This study is aimed to determine whether the allergy or factors such as nasal polyp, asthma, aspirin sensitivity can induce more extensive chronic rhinosinusitis, and to determine whether the severity of chronic rhinosinusitis depends on the severity of allergy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 98 chronic rhinosinusitis patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery were evaluated. The severity of chronic rhinosinusitis was assessed by CT scores and symptom scores. An allergic prick test, MAST (Multiple-antigen simultaneous test), the total IgE, and a serum eosinophil count were evaluated for diagnosis and assessment of the severity of allergy. Influences of another factors such as nasal polyp, asthma, and aspirin sensitivity to the severity of chronic rhinosinusitis were evaluated. RESULTS: Although the symptom scores of allergic chronic rhinosinusitis patients were greater than those of non-allergic chronic rhinosinusitis patients, there were no CT score differences between the two groups. Differences in the CT scores and symptom scores in allergic chronic rhinosinusitis patients according to the severity of allergy were statistically insignificant. Nasal polyp, asthma, and aspirin sensitivity did not induce more severe chronic rhinosinusitis. CONCLUSION: Allergy may be associated with the development of chronic rhinosinusitis, but the severity of allergy is not correlated to the severity of chronic rhinosinusitis.
Aspirin ; Asthma ; Diagnosis ; Eosinophils ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity* ; Immunoglobulin E ; Nasal Polyps ; Rhinitis

Neurilemmoma is characteristically an encapsulated benign tumor originating from the neural sheath of peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerves. Whereas between 25% and 45% of all such lesions occur in the region of the head and neck, only 4% of them are found in the nose and paranasal sinuses. Recently, we experienced a case of isolated neuilemmoma of the nasal septum in a 33-year-old female patient who complained of nasal obstruction and postnasal drip over 1 year. The tumor mass was successfully removed by transnasal endoscopic excision under general anesthesia. The patient had an uneventful course with no signs of recurrence. We present our review of the clinicopathologic features, radiologic findings and the value of endoscopy in treatment of this tumor.
Adult ; Anesthesia, General ; Cranial Nerves ; Endoscopy ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Nasal Obstruction ; Nasal Septum* ; Neck ; Neurilemmoma* ; Nose ; Paranasal Sinuses ; Recurrence

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is one of the surgical methods used to cure obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). It is designed to relieve of oropharyngeal obstruction and to enlarge the potential air space in the oropharynx by removing the excessive soft tissues involved in the free margin of the soft palate, uvula, tonsils and the pharyngeal wall. Although laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP) has been recently popular for the treatment of snoring and some OSA, UPPP remains the best choice of treatment for moderate to severe OSA. The criteria for selecting patients for this procedure, however, are obscure and factors that can predict successful responses are not well established. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the success rate of UPPP and to determine the factors that can predict the response to UPPP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report our experience on 27 OSA patients who underwent UPPP. We evaluated their preoperative cephalometric radiograph readings as well as body mass index (BMI). Each patient also underwent polysomnography before and after UPPP. RESULTS: Defining surgery to be successful when the postoperative apnea index (AI) was reduced by more than 50%, the success rate of the surgery was 74%. The mean AI decreased from 32 to 4, and the mean lowest oxygen saturation increased from 79% to 89% in good responders. Snoring was reduced in 67% of the patients. However, no single parameter could be used to predict good responses to UPPP. CONCLUSION: We found that UPPP is an effective treatment for OSA, but we could not identify a single parameter which can invariably predict the success of the operation.
Apnea ; Body Mass Index ; Humans ; Oropharynx ; Oxygen ; Palate, Soft ; Palatine Tonsil ; Polysomnography ; Reading ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive* ; Snoring ; Uvula

Giant cell tumors acount for 4% of all bone tumors and usually occur in the epiphyses of long bones and rarely involve the head and neck region, representing about 9% of them. The incidence of giant cell tumor arising in Paget's disease, which is characterized by a bizarre and greatly exaggerated skeletal turnover, is probably less than 0.2%. We experienced a case of giant cell tumor in the bilateral maxilla with Paget's disease of bone, which was treated by excision and curettage of the tumor mass via endoscopic approach.
Curettage ; Epiphyses ; Giant Cell Tumors* ; Giant Cells* ; Head ; Incidence ; Maxilla* ; Neck ; Osteitis Deformans