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Systemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic disorder which has frequent involvement of gastrointestinal tract. Non specific symptoms such as anorexia, nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain are well known symptoms when the gastrointestinal tract is involved. The most feared gastrointestinal complication of systemic lupus erythematosus is lupus enteritis. The pathological change in lupus enteritis is usually a result of mesenteric vasculitis. Major complications such as intestinal bleeding and perforation may occur and sometimes result in sugery. Because of high mortality rate in case of major complications, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is very important. We experienced three patients with lupus enteritis who presented with severe abdominal pain and dirrhea. They were diagnosed by characteristic radiographical findings of small bowel series and barium study. All radiographical findings has been resolved completely with the steroid therapy. Conclusively we can induce complete remission by steroid therapy alone, if we diagnose lupus enteritis in the early period of disease course.
Abdominal Pain ; Anorexia ; Barium ; Diarrhea ; Early Diagnosis ; Enteritis* ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; Mortality ; Nausea ; Vasculitis

The insertion of nasogastric tubes in comatose, obtunded or anesthetized patients is often difficult, frustrating and time-consuming. A large variety of methods inserting nasogastric tubes in those uncooperative patients have been reported. As a new effective method, we used Savary-Gilliard Wire Guide(R), which is designed for introducing Savary-Gilliard Dilator(R) into a strictured esophagus, for inserting a nasogastric tube in a comatose patient who was intubated with a ballooned tracheostomy tube. The insertion was successful in the first attempt and no complication occurred.
Coma* ; Esophagus ; Humans ; Tracheostomy

Parkinson's disease is a multifactorial disorder with several genes linked to the familial types of the disease. ATP13A2 is one of those genes and encode for a transmembrane protein localized in lysosomes and late endosomes. Previous studies suggested the roles of this protein in lysosomal functions and cellular ion homeostasis. Here, we set out to investigate the role of ATP13A2 in lysosomal function and in metabolism of alpha-synuclein, another PD-linked protein whose accumulation is implicated in the pathogenesis. We generated non-sense mutations in both copies of ATP13A2 gene in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. We examined lysosomal function of ATP13A2-/- cells by measuring the accumulation of lysosomal substrate proteins, such as p62 and polyubiquitinated proteins, induction of acidic compartments, and degradation of ectopically introduced dextran. None of these measures were altered by ATP13A2 deficiency. The steady-state levels of alpha-synuclein in cells or secretion of this protein were unaltered either in ATP13A2-/- compared to the normal cells. Therefore, the proposed roles of ATP13A2 in lysosomal functions may not be generalized and may depend on the cellular context. The ATP13A2-/- cells generated in the current study may provide a useful control for studies on the roles of PD genes in lysosomal functions.
alpha-Synuclein* ; Dextrans ; Endosomes ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Lysosomes ; Metabolism* ; Neuroblastoma ; Parkinson Disease ; Polyubiquitin

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare the growth pattern of breast fed and formula fed infants in the first 1 year of life. METHODS: Anthropometric data (weight, length, head circumference) of at birth, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months were collected by chart review and characteristics of subjects were collected by questionnaires. Among 358 infants, breast fed infants were 161 (84 males, 77 females) and formula fed infants were 90 (42 males, 48 females). Neither group was given solid foods before 4 months. The weight for age, length for age and head circumference for age were calculated. Breast fed infants were separated into 2 groups (breast fed for 4-11 months and breast fed for more than 12 months). RESULTS: Characteristics of infants and mothers were similar in both groups except for maternal age. Mean weight of breast fed group was lower than that of formula fed group at 12 months of age (male: P=0.004, female: P=0.004). However, mean weight of 12 months breast fed group was below formula fed groups weight at 9 and 12 months (P< 0.05). Mean length and head circumference were similar between groups. CONCLUSION: The growth indices of breast fed and formula fed infants are similar at birth, but weight curves of two groups differ in the first 1 year.
Breast Feeding ; Breast* ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Infant* ; Male ; Maternal Age ; Mothers ; Parturition ; Surveys and Questionnaires

The accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates is a major characteristic of many neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The intracytoplasmic deposition of alpha-synuclein aggregates and Lewy bodies, often found in PD and other alpha-synucleinopathies, is thought to be linked to inefficient cellular clearance mechanisms, such as the proteasome and autophagy/lysosome pathways. The accumulation of alpha-synuclein aggregates in neuronal cytoplasm causes numerous autonomous changes in neurons. However, it can also affect the neighboring cells through transcellular transmission of the aggregates. Indeed, a progressive spreading of Lewy pathology among brain regions has been hypothesized from autopsy studies. We tested whether inhibition of the autophagy/lysosome pathway in alpha-synuclein-expressing cells would increase the secretion of alpha-synuclein, subsequently affecting the alpha-synuclein deposition in and viability of neighboring cells. Our results demonstrated that autophagic inhibition, via both pharmacological and genetic methods, led to increased exocytosis of alpha-synuclein. In a mixed culture of alpha-synuclein-expressing donor cells with recipient cells, autophagic inhibition resulted in elevated transcellular alpha-synuclein transmission. This increase in protein transmission coincided with elevated apoptotic cell death in the recipient cells. These results suggest that the inefficient clearance of alpha-synuclein aggregates, which can be caused by reduced autophagic activity, leads to elevated alpha-synuclein exocytosis, thereby promoting alpha-synuclein deposition and cell death in neighboring neurons. This finding provides a potential link between autophagic dysfunction and the progressive spread of Lewy pathology.
Adenine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Autophagy/drug effects ; Cell Line ; *Exocytosis/drug effects ; Extracellular Space/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/deficiency/metabolism ; Phagosomes/drug effects/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Transport/drug effects ; alpha-Synuclein/chemistry/*metabolism/secretion/toxicity

Blunt chest trauma can result in significant cardiothoracic injury, which can include a cardiac contusion, aortic injury, and myocardial valvular injury. Traumatic aortic regurgitation is an uncommon consequence of closed chest injury. Isolated aortic valvular injury following blunt chest trauma is difficult to diagnose in a patient with multiple injuries. We report a case of traumatic aortic regurgitation which was detected just before anesthesia induction in the operating room. This report is presented to emphasize the possibility of aortic regurgitation and the need for careful evaluation of the cardiac status in patients with blunt chest trauma.
Anesthesia ; Aortic Valve Insufficiency* ; Contusions ; Humans ; Multiple Trauma ; Operating Rooms ; Thoracic Injuries* ; Thorax*

We have experienced a case of congenital pyloric atresia associated with epidermolysis bullosa in a premature newborn who was born at the gestation period of 33+3 week. She showed a few blisters on left ankle at birth and the easy formation of blisters involving the area of trauma or friction with depigmentation after healing. The histologic finding of the lesion showed junctional epidermolysis bullosa. Abdominal roentgenographic finding on day 2 showed single bubble sign. That suggested pyloric atresia. It was confirmed by upper gasrtointestinal series radiography and corrected by surgery, gastrojejunostomy on day 16. She discharged on day 50. The severity of the formation of blisters decreased but the poor weight agin became the main problem. The brief review of literatures was made.
Ankle ; Blister ; Epidermolysis Bullosa* ; Epidermolysis Bullosa, Junctional ; Friction ; Gastric Bypass ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Radiography

Developmental changes in the expression of two GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) transporter proteins, GAT-1 and GAT-3, in the olfactory bulb of embryonic and postnatal rats were examined with immunocytochemistry using antisera against GAT-1 and GAT-3. The expression and localization of GAT-1 and GAT-3 showed distinct temporal patterns during olfactory bulb development. GAT-1 immunoreactivity appeared weakly in most likely growing axons of the presumptive glomerular layer from embryonic day 18 and increased during the first postnatal week. In contrast, GAT-3 immunoreactivity, first detected at E16, was found in radial glial cell fascicles and was replaced by what were likely astroglial cells postnatally. At P7, GAT-1 and GAT-3 immunoreactivities reached the adult pattern i.e., GAT-1 immunoreactivity was observed in the labeled punctate structures in all layers of the olfactory bulb except the nerve fiber layer, while GAT-3 immunoreactivity was observed in the astroglial processes of all layers of the olfactory bulb. Our results suggest that GABA transporters, especially GAT-3, play important roles in regulating the GABA levels of developing olfactory bulbs.
Adult ; Animals ; Axons ; Ependymoglial Cells ; GABA Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins* ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid* ; Humans ; Immune Sera ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nerve Fibers ; Olfactory Bulb* ; Rats

In the anesthesia for Cesarean section, the anesthetists should select the agent and technique which is safe for both the morther and baby. It seems to be a general tendency that delivery by Cesarean section has been increasing because of the development of anesthetic techniques and agents with which one can give a safter anesthesia than before and in turn, has led to increased anesthetic dependence. A small dose of ketamine with nitrous oxide was tried for the induction of anesthesia for Cesarean section in the first group. In the second group, thiopental was given intravenously and anesthesia was maintained with 2% halothane in 100% oxygen for the delivery. After delivery, morphine, diazepam, and muscle relaxant were added to 0.5~1.0% halothane if necessary. These two groups were compared with conventional thiopental N2O-O2 anesthesia and the results were as follws: 1) Changes in blood pressure were similar aspect in each group, but in the hypertensive mother, the ketamine caused a higher blood pressure than the other agents. 2) Changes in pulse rate also had a similar pattern in each group. 3) I-D and U-D interval was the shortest in the halothane group. 4) The Apgar score at 1 min after delivery wasrelatively higher in the ketamine and halothane group than in the thiopental group, while the score at 5 min was almost the same in each group. 5) The analgesic effect of ketamine was superior to that of other agents. The above data suggest that halothane seems to be superior when the fetal position is abnormal or in case when complicated intrauterine manipulation is expected. A small dose of ketamine with nitrous oxide is better in the hypertensive mother or when fetal distress exists.
Anesthesia* ; Apgar Score ; Blood Pressure ; Cesarean Section* ; Diazepam ; Female ; Fetal Distress ; Halothane ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Ketamine ; Morphine ; Mothers ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Pregnancy ; Thiopental