Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance discovered or onset during pregnancy and attention is needed because of increased risk of perinatal morbidties and higher incidence of diabetes afterward. This study was performed to identify dietary factors associated with the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Developed food frequency questionnaire containing 192 food items were used to assess nutritional status of 246 control subjects and 104 GDM subjects. Food habits of subjects were examined in the questionnaire. The more irregularity and less variety of meal were found in GDM group compared to control group and GDM group tended to eat rapidly and do not like vegetables and greasy foods. Total score of food habits in GDM was lower than control group, which suggests that GDM group have undesirable food habits. Mean daily energy and carbohydrate intakes of GDM group were higher than those of control group, and percent energy from protein was significantly higher in control. Nutrient density of protein, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin B1 of GDM group was significantly lower than those of control group. Therefore dietary quality of GDM group was lower than that of control group. Odds ratio for GDM was high when energy and carbohydrate intakes were high. And when the intakes of rice, noodle, shiruduk, hamburger, boiled egg, steamed pork shank were high, the odds ratio for GDM was high. These results indicate that the amount and frequencies of several foods and dish items were related with the occurrence of GDM subjects. On the whole, GDM subjects consumed more cereals and less vegetables and less legumes. From these results, pregnant women with GDM tended to have unhealthy food habits, and carbohydrate intake was important dietary factors on the onset of GDM.
Calcium ; Case-Control Studies ; Diabetes, Gestational ; Diet ; Edible Grain ; Fabaceae ; Female ; Food Habits ; Glucose Intolerance ; Humans ; Incidence ; Meals ; Nutritional Status ; Odds Ratio ; Ovum ; Phosphorus ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Steam ; Thiamine ; Vegetables

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea ingestion on hepatocarcinogenesis before and after its initiation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an AIN76A diet with or without green tea. Initiation was induced by a single dose (200 mg/kg) of diethylnitrosamine at week 4 and 0.02% (w/w) 2-acetylaminofluorene was supplied in the diets. The control group had free access to water for 13 weeks (CTR13). Tea infusion was provided from the beginning of the experiment for 13 weeks (PRE13) or from the post-initiation stage until week 13 (POST13). Three other groups (CTR24, PRE24 and POST24) were added to examine the longer-term effects (24 weeks) with the same experimental design. The percentage area of liver sections that were positive for hepatic placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P), which was used as a marker of preneoplastic lesions, was smaller in PRE13 (20.2 +/- 5.0%, mean +/- SD) and POST13 (26.0 +/- 4.8%) than in CTR13 (33.2 +/- 5.8%, p<0.05). Over the longer period, the GST-P lesions were significantly smaller for both PRE24 and POST24 (21.6 +/- 8.5% and 22.2 +/- 4.0%, respectively) than for CTR24 (28.6 +/- 5.1%, p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between PRE24 and POST24. The liver content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was significantly lower in the tea groups than in the controls (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed among groups of GST activity. The results show that tea consumption exhibits a stronger short-term initiation-inhibiting ability in liver carcinogenesis, but over a longer period, the preventive effects of green tea ingestion do not differ in post- and pre-initiation.
2-Acetylaminofluorene ; Animals ; Diet ; Diethylnitrosamine ; Eating ; Glutathione Transferase ; Humans ; Liver ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Research Design ; Tea ; Thiobarbiturates ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Water

Beneficial effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplement on age-associated chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance and diabetes, have been reported. However, its mechanism of action in hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo has not been investigated in detail. We have previously shown that during hepatocellular carcinogenesis, DHEA treatment decreases formation of preneoplastic glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci in the liver and has antioxidant effects. Here we aimed to determine the mechanism of actions of DHEA, in comparison to vitamin E, in a chemically-induced hepatocellular carcinoma model in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with control diet without a carcinogen, diets with 1.5% vitamin E, 0.5% DHEA and both of the compounds with a carcinogen for 6 weeks. The doses were previously reported to have anti-cancer effects in animals without known toxicities. With DHEA treatment, cytosolic malate dehydrogenase activities were significantly increased by ~5 fold and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were decreased by ~25% compared to carcinogen treated group. Activities of Se-glutathione peroxidase in the cytotol was decreased significantly with DHEA treatment, confirming its antioxidative effect. However, liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 content and NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 reductase activities were not altered with DHEA treatment. Vitamin E treatment decreased cytosolic Se-glutathione peroxidase activities in accordance with our previous reports. However, vitamin E did not alter glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase or malate dehydrogenase activities. Our results suggest that DHEA may have decreased tumor nodule formation and reduced lipid peroxidation as previously reported, possibly by increasing the production of NADPH, a reducing equivalent for NADPH-dependent antioxidant enzymes. DHEA treatment tended to reduce glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities, which may have resulted in limited supply for de novo synthesis of DNA via inhibiting the hexose monophophaste pathway. Although both DHEA and vitamin E effectively reduced preneoplastic foci in this model, they seemed to function in different mechanisms. In conclusion, DHEA may be used to reduce hepatocellular carcinoma growth by targeting NADPH synthesis, cell proliferation and anti-oxidant enzyme activities during tumor growth.
Animals ; Antioxidants ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cell Proliferation ; Chronic Disease ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; Cytosol ; Dehydroepiandrosterone ; Diet ; DNA ; Glucose ; Glutathione Transferase ; Insulin Resistance ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Liver ; Malate Dehydrogenase ; Malates ; NADP ; NADPH-Ferrihemoprotein Reductase ; Oxidoreductases ; Peroxidase ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Vitamin E ; Vitamins

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of infants' temperaments and eating behaviors, mothers' eating behaviors and feeding practices in poor eating infants. The participants were 80 infants of 12 - 24 months (27 poor eaters and 53 matched normal controls) from a hospital and a public health center. Mothers were questioned about their eating behaviors and feeding practices, and infants' temperaments, eating behaviors, and nutrient intakes by one day food recall. Subjects were divided by mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR, < 0.75; poor eater). Intakes of Ca, P, Fe, Zn, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, E, folate were below 75% RDA in poor eaters, whereas protein, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, C, folate exceeded 125% RDA in good eaters. Rhythmicity of infants' temperaments and eating behaviors, restriction of mothers' eating behaviors and feeding practices were significantly lower, whereas activity levels of infants' temperaments were higher than good eaters. In multiple logistic regression model of poor eaters, activity of infants' temperaments (T, OR: 1.19, CI: 1.05 - 1.35) and attention spans of infants' eating behaviors (A, OR: 1.18, CI: 1.03 - 1.35) were significantly positive, whereas rhythmicity of infants' eating behaviors (R, OR: 0.79, CI: 0.67 - 0.94) was significantly negative [E (the logit) = -6.8644 + 0.1712 x T - 0.2337 x R + 0.1641 x A]. Our findings suggest that examination of eating behaviors, feeding practices, and temperaments will help target interventions to improve infants' food intakes, and these variables should be examined at the time of nutrition counseling.
Ascorbic Acid ; Counseling ; Eating* ; Feeding Behavior* ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Infant* ; Logistic Models ; Mothers ; Niacin ; Periodicity ; Public Health ; Riboflavin ; Temperament* ; Vitamin B 6

The purpose of this study was to plan a 5-day menu using antioxidant-rich foods (vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, phytochemicals) for a congregate meal program for the elderly and to evaluate the satisfaction of menus. The elderly participated in the congregate meal program at Guro Elderly Welfare Facility during October, 2003 (120 persons/day). The elderly liked yungyangbab, cooked rice with sweet potato and pumpkin, soybean paste soup with chinese cabbage, pan-fried cuttlefish patty with chopped soybean sprout, pan-fried beef patty with tofu and ginseng, fresh vegetable salad and most of desserts. The leftovers of menus were negatively correlated with satisfaction of menus. The 5-day menu contained over 1/3 of KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans) except fiber, calcium, vitamin K and vitamin E. In conclusion, menus using antioxidant-rich foods for a congregate meal program for the elderly will improve nutrient intakes and satisfaction of the meal program. It may help to prevent chronic diseases and improve healthy lives of the Korean elderly.
Aged* ; Ascorbic Acid ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Brassica ; Calcium ; Chronic Disease ; Cucurbita ; Decapodiformes ; Humans ; Ipomoea batatas ; Meals* ; Panax ; Soy Foods ; Soybeans ; Vegetables ; Vitamin E ; Vitamin K ; Vitamins

The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcome. Between January 1, 2002 to September 30, 2002, we prospectively and retrospectively recruited 111 hospitalized patients who received Enteral Nutrition (ENgroup n = 52) and Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPNgroup n = 59) for more than seven days. The factors of clinical outcomes are costs, incidences of in-fection, lengths of hospital stay, and changes in weight. The characteristics of patients were investigated, which included nutritional status, disease severity (APACHE III score) and hypermetabolic severity (hypermetabolic score). Hypermeta-bolic scores were determined by high fever (>38 degrees C), rapid breathing (>30 breaths/min), rapid pulse rate (>100 beats/min), leukocytosis (WBC > 12000 mm3), leukocytopenia (WBC < 3000 mm3), status of infection, inflammatory bowel disease, surgery and trauma. There was a positive correlation between hypermetabolic score and length of hospital stay (ICU), medical cost, weight loss, antibiotics adjusted by age while APACHE III score did not show correlation to clinical outcome. Medical cost was higher by 18.2% in the TPN group than the EN group. In conclusion, there was a strong negative correlation between the clinical outcome (cost, incidence of infection, hospital stay) and hypermetabolic score. Higher metabolic stress caused more malnutrition and complications. For nutritional management of patients with malnutrition, multiple factors, including nutritional assessment, and evaluation of hypermetabolic severity are needed to provide nutritional support for critically ill patients.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; APACHE* ; Critical Illness ; Cross Infection ; Enteral Nutrition* ; Fever ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Length of Stay ; Leukocytosis ; Leukopenia ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutritional Status* ; Nutritional Support ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total* ; Prospective Studies ; Respiration ; Retrospective Studies ; Stress, Physiological ; Weight Loss

This study was performed to test food preferences of the Korean elderly for Korean elderly menu development. The elderly subjects preferred steamed rice cooked with 1.2 times water than that with 1.5 times water (p < 0.001), whole rice grain gruel than the gruel with ground grain (p < 0.05). Green tea powder gruels developed as a snack, there were no significant differences in the preference of the elderly between gruel with different contents of green tea powder (2, 3, 4%). The preferences of the salt concentration of the soup were tested by using soybean sprout soup and soybean paste soup. The elderly preferred 0.7 - 0.8% salted bean sprout soup and 7% soybean paste soup. The elderly preferred Kimchi cut in widths of 1 - 2 cm than that in 0.5 cm. The elderly preferred sweeter grape jam (67% vs. 50% or 37% sugar content) and were not concerned about chewing seeds. This result could be useful to develop menus for the elderly.
Aged* ; Edible Grain ; Food Preferences* ; Humans ; Mastication ; Snacks ; Soybeans ; Steam ; Tea ; Vitis ; Water

This study evaluated the nutrition intake and changes in laboratory data of surgery patients with hypermetabolic severity on nutrition support. From January 2002 to September 2002, 66 hospitalized surgery patients who had received enteral nutrition (EN, n=19) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN, n=47) for more than 7 days were prospectively and retrospectively recruited. The laboratory data was examined pre-operatively, and on the post-operative 1, 3, 7 day and at the time of discharge. The characteristics of the patients were examined for the hypermetabolic severity, The hypermetabolic scores were determined by high fever (> 38 degrees C), rapid breathing (> 30 breaths/min), rapid pulse rate (> 100 beats/min), leukocytosis (WBC>12,000/microliter), leukocytopenia (WBC<3,000/microliter), status of infection, inflammatory bowel disease, surgery and trauma. The scores for the hypermetabolic status were divided into three groups (mild 0-10, moderate 11-40, severe>41). According to the results of the study, 38.3% (n=23), 45.4% (n=30) and 19.6% (n=13) were in the mild, moderate, and severe groups, respectively. There was a decrease in the serum albumin level and weight loss according to the hypermetabolic severity. However, the white blood cells (WBC), fasting blood sugar (FBS), c-reactive protein (CRP), total bilirubin, GOT, and GPT increased. The nutritional intake was TPN (32.5 kcal/kg, protein 1.2 g/kg, fat 0.25 g/kg), EN (28.1 kcal/kg, protein 1.0 g/kg, fat 1.01 g/kg). The serum albumin, hemoglobin and cholesterol were higher in the EN group than in the TPN group. But the FBS, total bilirubin, GOT and GPT were higher in the TPN group than the EN group. In conclusion, there was a negative correlation between the changes in the laboratory data and the hypermetabolic severity. There was an increase in the number of metabolic complications in the TPN group.
Bilirubin ; Blood Glucose ; C-Reactive Protein ; Cholesterol ; Enteral Nutrition* ; Fasting ; Fever ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Leukocytes ; Leukocytosis ; Leukopenia ; Malnutrition ; Parenteral Nutrition, Total* ; Prospective Studies ; Respiration ; Retrospective Studies ; Serum Albumin ; Weight Loss

This study is designed to examine the effects of dietary supplementation with vitamin E and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on the formation of preneoplastic lesions in diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. All Weaning male Sprague-Dawley rats were initiated by a single dose of DEN (200 mg/kg body weight), subjected to twothirds partial hepatectomy 3 weeks later and were sacrificed 8 weeks after DEN initiation. Two weeks after initiation, rats were fed Purina purified rodent diet 5053 (Ralston Purina Rat chow, USA) with 1.5% (15,000 IU/kg diet) vitamin E, 0.5% DHEA and both of those supplemented diet for 6 weeks. Placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) positive foci, the activities of catalase, total-glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) contents were decreased significantly by vitaimin E supplement. On the other hand GST-P positive foci number, Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activities weren't changed by vitamin E supplement. It might suggest that protective effect of vitamin E against hepatocarcinogens is not involved in the formation of the GST-P positive foci but related to the expansion of that. It seemed that vitamin E supplement helped endogenous defense system in carcinogenesis by decreasing TBARS contents, H2O2, organic peroxides. Therefore, vitamin E seemed to protect cell from free radical damage in carcinogenesis . By DHEA supplement liver weight and liver/body ratio were increased, the area and number of GST-P positive foci, the activities of catalase, GR, total GPx, GST and the TBA RS contents were decreased significantly. On the other hand Cu/Zn-SOD and G6Pase activities weren't changed by DHEA supplement. In hepatocarcinogenesis the activities of antioxidant enzymes weren't increased by DHEA supplement. DHEA did not increase the oxidative stress, while DHEA seems to have anticarcinogenic effect in rats hepatocarcinogenesis.
Animals ; Anticarcinogenic Agents ; Carcinogenesis* ; Catalase ; Dehydroepiandrosterone* ; Diet ; Dietary Supplements ; Diethylnitrosamine ; Glucose-6-Phosphatase ; Glutathione Reductase ; Glutathione Transferase ; Hand ; Hepatectomy ; Humans ; Liver ; Male ; Oxidative Stress ; Peroxidase ; Peroxides ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rodentia ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Vitamin E* ; Vitamins* ; Weaning

This study is conducted to determine the effects of dietary levels of corn and tuna oils on the formation of preneoplastic lesions in die-thylnitrosamine (DEN) induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 2.5, 5, 15, 25% (w/w) corn or tuna oils. Hepatocellular carcinogenesis was induced by DEN (200 mg/kg body weight) and two-thirds partial hepactectomy was carried out 3 weeks later and were sacrificed 8 weeks after DEN initiation. Tuna oil group showed smaller area of placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) positive foci than corn oil group. Corn oil group of 25% (w/w) showed the widest area of GST-P positive foci, and tuna oil group showed significantly smaller area of GST-P positive foci than corn oil in 25% (w/w) level but had no differences between oil levels. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content was the highest in 25% (w/w) level of tuna oil group fed long chain and highly polyunsaturated fatty acids. Also serum gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) activities in 25% level of tuna oil group were significantly higher than by other levels. As oil contents increased, glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) seems to decrease in corn oil groups but remained the same in tuna oil groups. Glutathione reductase (GR) activities were significantly higher in tuna oil group, and the higher the level of tuna oil, the higher GR activities. But Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities didn't seem to be influenced by levels and kind of dietary fats. Therefore, as oil levels increased, corn oil rich in n-6 fatty acids promoted carcinogenesis but tuna oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of n-3 fatty acids suppressed. Although lipid peroxidation products were elevated in 25% (w/w) tuna oil group, GST-P positive foci didn't increase. Therefore preneoplastic lesions might be reduced through mediation of a lipid peroxidation process in tuna oil. As fat contents of tuna oil increased, elevated GR activities may give a rise to produce more reduced glutathione in order to protect against free radical attack, and high G6Pase activities remained the same and they contributed to membrane stability. So tuna oil diet seems to protect hepatocarcinogenesis.
Animals ; Carcinogenesis* ; Corn Oil ; Diet ; Dietary Fats ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fatty Acids, Omega-6 ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Glucose-6-Phosphatase ; Glutathione ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Glutathione Reductase ; Glutathione Transferase ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Male ; Membranes ; Negotiating ; Oils* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxide Dismutase ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ; Tuna* ; Zea mays*