This study investigated the anatomy of the nutrient foramen (NF) in German Shepherds by recording the number, site, position, and direction of penetration of the nutrient canal (NC) in the humerus, radius, and ulna of 50 individuals. The site index of the nutrient foramen (SI) was calculated as the ratio of the length to the NF site from the proximal end to the greatest length of the bone. The NF diameter was measured using different sized needles. Most humeri had only one NF on the caudal surface, particularly on the lateral supracondylar crest, or distal cranial surface. All radii had one NF, usually on the caudal surface, while most ulnae had one NF located on either the cranial or lateral surfaces. The SI and NF diameters were 58.0~59.5% and 0.73~0.78 mm in the humerus, 30.4~30.9% and 0.74~0.76 mm in the radius, and 29.3~29.8% and 0.67~0.68 mm in the ulna, respectively. With the exception of the relatively proximal NF of the radius, the direction of penetration followed Berard's rule. This study provides novel information on the location and diameter of the NF and direction of the NC in the long bones of the pectoral limb of German Shepherds.
Extremities* ; Haversian System ; Humerus ; Needles ; Radius ; Ulna

This study investigated the anatomy of the nutrient foramen (NF) in German Shepherds by recording the number, site, position, and direction of penetration of the nutrient canal (NC) in the humerus, radius, and ulna of 50 individuals. The site index of the nutrient foramen (SI) was calculated as the ratio of the length to the NF site from the proximal end to the greatest length of the bone. The NF diameter was measured using different sized needles. Most humeri had only one NF on the caudal surface, particularly on the lateral supracondylar crest, or distal cranial surface. All radii had one NF, usually on the caudal surface, while most ulnae had one NF located on either the cranial or lateral surfaces. The SI and NF diameters were 58.0~59.5% and 0.73~0.78 mm in the humerus, 30.4~30.9% and 0.74~0.76 mm in the radius, and 29.3~29.8% and 0.67~0.68 mm in the ulna, respectively. With the exception of the relatively proximal NF of the radius, the direction of penetration followed Berard's rule. This study provides novel information on the location and diameter of the NF and direction of the NC in the long bones of the pectoral limb of German Shepherds.
Extremities* ; Haversian System ; Humerus ; Needles ; Radius ; Ulna

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the new bone formation capability of zirconia with those of other synthetic bone grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve rabbits were used and four 6-mm diameter transcortical defects were formed on each calvaria. Each defect was filled with Osteon II (Os), Tigran PTG (Ti), and zirconia (Zi) bone grafts. For the control group, the defects were left unfilled. The rabbits were sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Specimens were analyzed through micro computed tomography (CT) and histomorphometric analysis. RESULTS: The Ti and Zi groups showed significant differences in the amount of newly formed bone between 2 and 4 weeks and between 2 and 8 weeks (P < .05). The measurements of total bone using micro CT showed significant differences between the Os and Ti groups and between the Os and Zi groups at 2 and 8 weeks (P < .05). Comparing by week in each group, the Ti group showed a significant difference between 4 and 8 weeks. Histomorphometric analysis also showed significant differences in new bone formation between the control group and the experimental groups at 2, 4, and 8 weeks (P < .05). In the comparison of newly formed bone, significant differences were observed between 2 and 4 weeks and between 2 and 8 weeks (P < .05) in all groups. CONCLUSION: Zirconia bone graft material showed satisfactory results in new bone formation and zirconia could be used as a new synthetic bone graft material.
Haversian System ; Osteogenesis ; Rabbits ; Skull ; Titanium ; Transplants

Microscopic analysis of bone is very useful method for estimating age at death of individual identification, diagnosing metabolic disorder or dietary deficiency in bone tissue, and differentiating human bone or not when applied to fragmentary skeletal remains. The purpose of this study was to establish a systematic method for preparing bone tissues by manual grinding method and offer help in application of related histomorphometric field such as estimating age at death. For this, human bone tissues of rib and femur from cadavers were prepared and considered histomorphological variations of osteon with light microscope. As results of this study, Type II osteons, smaller versions of Intact osteons (Type I) that form by radial remodeling of a preexisting Haversian canal, were distinguished from double-zonal osteons, one of the osteons that exhibit hypercalcified ring within their concentric lamellae, by the lack of an internal reversal line and the parallel contours of lamellae, and it is possible to suggest metric basis for drifting osteons as counting one osteon with the exception of size measurement. By applying this method of present study, one could easily make a bone tissue all oneself that would be helpful for establishing basic data in physical and forensic anthropology.
Bone and Bones ; Cadaver ; Femur ; Forensic Anthropology* ; Haversian System ; Humans ; Ribs

Benign solitary osteochondroma is uncommon in the vertebra (2%). Vertebral ostoechondroma arises predominantly in the lumbar and cervical regions, and rarely in the sacrum. We describe a case of a sacral solitary senescent osteochondroma compressing the sciatic nerve, producing sciatica. The tumor was removed by posterior paramedian incision. The excised mass was cylindrical, measuring 3.5x1x1 cm in size and consisting of lamellar bone with Haversian system similar to the architecture of normal cortical bone and trabecular bone.
Haversian System ; Osteochondroma* ; Sacrum* ; Sciatic Nerve ; Sciatica* ; Spine

Osteoma cutis is a primary cutaneous ossification, which has no preceding trauma or skin disease and no evidence of Albrights hereditary osteodystrophy n the patient or his family. The lesion appears as hard, round to irregular, sharply defined tumor of varying size within the skin or subcutis, and color ranges from flesh-colored to purple or brown. We report herein a case of osteoma cutis in a 32-year-old female, who had a 1 x 1cm sized, asymptomatic, round, flesh colored, hard nodule on the right side of her forehead for 5 years. Histopathologic examination showed mature bone with many ostocytes, osteoblasts, cement lines and Haversian canals in the dermis.
Adult ; Dermis ; Female ; Forehead ; Haversian System ; Humans ; Osteoblasts ; Osteoma* ; Skin ; Skin Diseases

The term "osteoma cutis" is limited only to primary cutaneous ossification in which there is no evidence of Albrights hereditary osteodystrophy in either the patient or his farnily. We herein present a case of osteorna cutis in a 2-year-old male. He had had multiple hard plaques on the extremities since birth and had not had the evidences of Albrights hereditary osteodystrophy and signs of secondary cutaneous ossification such as trauma, injection, previous skin lesions and abnormal laboratory findings. The histopathologic findings revealed bony spicules with numerous osteocytes, cement lines, Haversian canals, osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Child, Preschool ; Extremities ; Haversian System ; Humans ; Infant* ; Male ; Osteoblasts ; Osteoclasts ; Osteocytes ; Osteoma* ; Parturition ; Skin

PURPOSE: To evaluate location, distribution, diameter, and length of the nutrient canals on mandibular anterior region using a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mandibular CBCT was performed on 33 adults (18 males and 15 females) with no history of systemic disease, and any other dental surgery history. Location, distribution, diameter, and length of the nutrient canals on mandibular anterior region were radiographically evaluated. A statistical comparison was done by SPSS. RESULTS: In the location and distribution of nutrient canals, they were found in 6.8% at labial portion above root apex, in 93.28% at lingual portion above root apex in 46.2% at labial portion below root apex, and in 53.6% at lingual portion below root apex. Nutrient canals at lingual portion above root apex were most frequently observed between central and lateral incisors, and those at labial and lingual portion below root apex were most frequently observed between central incisors. The mean diameters of nutrient canals were 0.54 mm at labial portion above root apex, 0.61 mm at lingual portion above root apex, 0.66 mm at labial portion below root apex, and 0.76 mm at lingual portion below root apex. The mean lengths of nutrient canals were 2.63 mm at labial portion above root apex, 3.74 mm at lingual portion above root apex, 4.51 mm at labial portion below root apex, and 6.77 mm at lingual portion below root apex. CONCLUSION: CBCT is useful device to evaluate the anatomical structure of nutrient canals on mandibular anterior region.
Adult ; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography* ; Haversian System* ; Humans ; Incisor ; Male ; Mandible

The current model of compact bone is that of a system of Haversian (longitudinal) canals connected by Volkmann's (transverse) canals. Models based on either histology or microcomputed tomography do not accurately represent the morphologic detail and microstructure of this system, especially that of the canal networks and their spatial relationships. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the morphologic pattern and network of the Haversian system and to compare endosteal and periosteal sides in rats using three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. Ten Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8-10 weeks were used. The femurs were harvested from each rat and fixed, decalcified with 10% EDTA-2Na, serially sectioned at a thickness of 5 microm, and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The serial sections were reconstructed three-dimensionally using Reconstruct software. The Haversian canals in the endosteal region were found to be large, highly interconnected, irregular, and close to neighboring canals. In contrast, the canals in the periosteal region were straight and small. This combined application of 3D reconstruction and histology examinations to the Haversian system has confirmed its microstructure, showing a branched network pattern on the endosteal side but not on the periosteal side.
Animals ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Femur ; Haversian System* ; Hematoxylin ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; X-Ray Microtomography

PURPOSE: To assess the histological response and the reinforcing effects of bone ingrowth within porous hydroxyapatite implants depending on pore geometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three types of porous hydroxyapatite (cylindrical, sponge and cross type) were prepared. Forty-two white rabbits were divided into 3 groups and 5x5x7 mm-sized porous hydroxyapatite block was inserted through the medial cortical window of a proximal tibia. Histomorphological changes were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. Biomechanical compression test was performed using material test machine. RESULTS: At four weeks after implantation, the implants showed different histological changes depending on pore geometry. In cylindrical type porous hydroxyapatite, new bone was arranged in a concentric pattern around vessel similar to osteon. In sponge and cross type, irregular lamellar bone pattern was found. At 8 weeks, evidence of remodelling of new bone and bone marrow formation within porous hydroxyapatite was found. In biomechanical study, ultimate compressive strength significantly increased in all three implants after 8 weeks of implantation compared to preimplantation. CONCLUSIONS: In cylindrical type porous hydroxyapatite, new bone was arranged in a concentric pattern around vessel, and compressive strength was highest. Sponge type porous hydroxyapatite showed irregular lamellar bone pattern and was rather flexible and ductile. Cross type porous hydroxyapatite showed borderline pattern of both cylindrical and sponge type porous hydroxyapatite.
Bone Marrow ; Bone Regeneration* ; Compressive Strength ; Durapatite* ; Haversian System ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Porifera ; Rabbits ; Tibia