In 2007, the first associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) procedure was per-formed in Regensburg, Germany. ALPPS is a variation of twostage hepatectomy to induce rapid liver hypertrophy allowing the removal of large tumors otherwise considered irresect-able due to a too small future liver remnant. In 2012, the international ALPPS registry was created, and it now contains more than 1,000 cases. During the past years, improved patient selection and refinements in operative techniques, in particular, less invasive approaches such as Partial ALPPS, Tourniquet ALPPS, Ablation-assisted ALPPS, Hybrid ALPPS or Laparoscopic or Robotic approaches, have resulted in signifi-cant improvements in safety. The most frequent indication for ALPPS is colorectal liver metastases. In the first random-ized controlled study, ALPPS provided a higher resectability rate than conventional two-stage hepatectomy, with similar complication rates. Long-term outcome data are still miss-ing. The initial results of ALPPS for hepatocellular carcinoma and for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma were devastating, but with progress in surgical technic and better patient selection, ALPPS could serve as a treatment alternative in carefully selected cases, even for these tumors. ALPPS has enlarged the armamentarium of hepato-pancreato-biliary surgeons, but there is still discussion regarding how to use this novel technique, which may allow resection of tumors that are otherwise deemed irresectable.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Motility disorders are common and may affect the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract but current treatment is limited. Multilocular sensing of GI electrical activity and variable electrical stimulation (ES) is a promising option. The aim of our study is to investigate the effects of adjustable ES on poststimulatory spike activities in 5 GI segments. METHODS: Six acute porcine experiments were performed with direct ES by 4 ES parameter sets (30 seconds, 25 mA, 500 microseconds or 1000 microseconds, 30 Hz or 130 Hz) applied through subserosal electrodes in the stomach, duodenum, ileum, jejunum, and colon. Multi-channel electromyography of baseline and post-stimulatory GI electrical activity were recorded for 3 minutes with hook needle and hook-wire electrodes. Spike activities were algorithmically calculated, visualized in a heat map, and tested for significance by Poisson analysis. RESULTS: Post-stimulatory spike activities were markedly increased in the stomach (7 of 24 test results), duodenum (8 of 24), jejunum (23 of 24), ileum (18 of 24), and colon (5 of 24). ES parameter analysis revealed that 80.0% of the GI parts (all but duodenum) required a pulse width of 1000 microseconds, and 60.0% (all but jejunum and colon) required 130 Hz frequency for maximum spike activity. Five reaction patterns were distinguished, with 30.0% earlier responses (type I), 42.5% later or mixed type responses (type II, III, and X), and 27.5% non-significant responses (type 0). CONCLUSIONS: Multilocular ES with variable ES parameters is feasible and may significantly modulate GI electrical activity. Automated electromyography analysis revealed complex reaction patterns in the 5 examined GI segments.
Colon ; Duodenum ; Electric Stimulation ; Electrodes ; Electromyography ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Hot Temperature ; Ileum ; Jejunum ; Needles ; Stomach ; Theranostic Nanomedicine