PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the role experience of preceptor nurses in general hospitals. METHODS: Data were collected from 10 experienced preceptor nurses through in-depth interviews about their experiences. The main question was "How do you describe your experience as a preceptor in the process of role adaptation?" Qualitative data from field and transcribed notes were analyzed using Strauss & Corbin's grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: The core category of experience in the process of role adaptation as a preceptor nurse was identified as 'being responsible to teach from beginning to end'. The participants identified five interactional strategies; 'abruptly having to take the role as a preceptor unwilling', 'difficulties in field training with variable situations', 'preceptor and new nurse with love and hate relationships', 'bring up preceptee as a child', 'redefining the concept of preceptor'. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide useful information for understanding the role of preceptor nurses in general hospital who have to teach new nurses with patience and responsibility. It will be needed to establishment of preceptor's role and educational standards, and policy for their rewards by nurse manager. Additionally, making cooperative educational climate in nursing ward is important for teaching new nurse.
Climate ; Hate ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Love ; Nurse Administrators ; Preceptorship ; Reward

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preference trend of frequently served meals in the elementary school lunch program. Therefore, this evaluation was surveyed on frequently served meals in the elementary school lunch program in Inchon. Also, this study was surveyed on food preference using questionnaire including frequently served food items. Statistical analysis of data was completed using SAS program. The results of this survey was as follows: 1. Freqrenctly served fooods were 56 food items including 5 boiled rice, 3 one course dishes, 10 soup & pot stewes, 10 fresh & boiled salads, 8 stirred fries, 7 stewes, 6 grill & fries, 3 kimchies and 4 desserts. 2. Students liked barley bab more than the other kinds of cooked rice. One course dishes were preferred most by the subjects. Among soup & pot stewes, fermented soybean paste stew showed lower preference than the other kind of stewes. Among fresh & boiled salads, fruits salad was the most favore, whereas, root of bellflower salad was the most hated. Among side-dishes by different preparation method, stir fries, stewes, grill & fries, kimchies, dessert were prefered most by the subjects. There were significant difference between male and female students for most given foods except soup & pot stewes. Female students showed higher preference for most given foods except fresh & boiled salads, kimchies, dessert than male students.
Codonopsis ; Female ; Food Preferences* ; Fruit ; Hate ; Hordeum ; Humans ; Incheon* ; Lunch* ; Male ; Meals* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Soybeans

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between obesity and depressive trends in elementary school children. METHODS: In 1999, we surveyed 2,091 elementary school children(1,079 boys and 1,012 girls) whose ages ranged from 10 to 12 years. Obesity was defined as an obesity index over 20 percent. The degree of depression was compared between the obese group and the normal body weight group according to Korean Children's Depression Inventory(CDI) of Kovacs and Beck. RESULTS: Among the subjects, 1,884(88.2%) formed the normal body weight group, 128(6.1%) formed mildly obese group, 98(4.7%) formed the moderately obese group and 21(1.0%) formed the severely obese group. The mean depression score in the obese group was significantly higher than that of the normal body weight group, and the more severely obese the more significantly the depression score increased. The depression score of the obese girls' group was higher than the obese boys' group. The depression score was significantly higher in the obese group who hate exercise and like computer games, than in the group who like exercise and don't play computer games. The depression score was significantly higher in the obese group who hate physical education than the group who like it. CONCLUSION: The depression score of the obese group was significantly higher than normal body weight group in elementary school children. Physicians should provide psychological support in the treatments of obese children.
Child* ; Depression ; Hate ; Humans ; Ideal Body Weight ; Obesity* ; Physical Education and Training ; Video Games

A number of recent reports haTe described the usefulness of the epidural injection of narcotics for the relief of postpoerative pain. But the epidural or intrathecal uke of a narcotic agonist-antagonist, especially one with a high lipid solubility such as penta97cine, has not been reported. The present studr was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of pentagocine as an agent for postoperative pain relief when injected epidurally. 80 patients involved in this study were divided raadomlr into four groups: 10 ml saline (group 1, n=20); 0.2 mg/kg pentazocine in 10m1 saline(group 2, n=20): 0.3mg/kg penta- zocine in 10 ml saline(group 3, R= 20) ; 0.4 mg/kg pentazocine in 10 ml(group 4, n=20). she results were as follows : 1) 20(100%) patients from the 0.2 mg pentazocine group, 18(90%) form the 0.3mg/kg pentazocine group and 20(100%) from the 0.4 mg/kg pentazocine group obtained analgesic effects following the epidural injection of pentagzocine. 2) The peak analgesic effect following epidural pentafocine ocurred at 15 min(mean val-ue). 3) The duration of analgesia following epidural pentazocine ranged from 6 to 13 hours. 4) No patient had respiratory depression, itching or vomiting but some patients had urinary retention and nausea. In conclusion, the present study suggests that pentazocine is a useful agent for postope-ratilve pain relief when injected epidurally.
Analgesia ; Hate ; Humans ; Injections, Epidural ; Narcotics ; Nausea ; Pain, Postoperative* ; Pentazocine* ; Pruritus ; Respiratory Insufficiency ; Solubility ; Urinary Retention ; Vomiting

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand the meditation experiences of breast cancer survivors. METHODS: The participants were 20 breast cancer survivors who participated in 8 weeks of mind subtraction meditation at a tertiary hospital in Korea 2013. The data was collected by in-depth individual interviews, personal logs about the meditation experiences, and field diaries. Data were analyzed using Giorgi's phenomenological analysis. RESULTS: A total of 13 subthemes and 4 themes were derived from the analysis. Participants began to meditate with some doubts initially but were soon comfortable as they became familiar with the meditation method. As they discarded their negativity, they experienced positive changes in their mindset. The experiences of discarded negativity were summarized as "discarding the hate, resentment, and obsession," "discarding the depression, anxiety, and stress," and "discarding the false me." The change after meditation was named "from restraint to freedom," "from negativism to positivism," "from closed doors to the wide open world." and "looking forward to the true happiness." CONCLUSION: Breast cancer survivors reflected on their lives and experienced positive changes as they discarded their negativity through meditation. It is recommended to perform the nursing interventions utilizing the meditation and conduct further studies to examine its beneficial effects.
Anxiety ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Depression ; Hate ; Humans ; Korea ; Meditation* ; Methods ; Negativism ; Nursing ; Qualitative Research ; Survivors ; Tertiary Care Centers

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and risk factors of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and chronic widespread pain (CWP) in Korean. METHODS: Those who participated chronic pain field study in Uljin and Pohang, Kyongsangbuk-do in 2004 were evaluated for the prevalence of FMS and CWP. Diagnosis of FMS and CWP were made using American College of Rheumatology criteria. All 1,028 were interviewed based on a detailed questionnaire and 144 CWP patients were examined for tender points. RESULTS: Among the 1,028 participants (mean age+/-SD, 63.3+/-12.7 years), 676 participants were female (mean age+/-SD, 62.1+/-13.5 years) and 352 participants were male (mean age+/-SD, 65.7+/-10.5 years). There were 23 cases of FMS (2.2%), which consisted of 21 female cases and 2 cases of male. Prevalence of FMS was significantly higher in female compared to male (3.1% vs 0.6%, p<0.01). Prevalence of FMS showed increasing trend in the ascending order of age in decade (p<0.001). CWP was detected in 144 cases (14.0%), which consisted of 130 female cases and 14 cases of male. Prevalence of CWP was also significantly higher in female compared to male (19.2% vs 4.0%, p<0.001). Prevalence of CWP also showed increasing trend in the ascending order of age in decade (p<0.001). Except for age and sex, hating vegetables is an associated factor for the development of FMS in CWP [OR 18.7 (95% CI 2.4, 145.3)] and diabetes is a risk factor for the development of FMS in normal population [OR 3.7 (95% CI 1.1, 11.9)] on multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of FMS and CWP were 2.2% and 14.0% in Korean, respectively. The prevalence of FMS and CWP were significantly higher in female and aged individuals. Aging, female sex, hating vegetables and diabetes are prognostic factors for the development of FMS.
Aging ; Chronic Pain ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Fibromyalgia* ; Gyeongsangbuk-do ; Hate ; Humans ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prevalence* ; Questionnaires ; Rheumatology ; Risk Factors* ; Vegetables

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the characteristic symptoms which can be used for the diagnosis of hwa-byung, a culture-related anger syndrome in Korea. METHODS: The symptoms of the Hwa-byung Scale were correlated with the Korean versions of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (K-HDRS) and the State and Trait Anger Inventory (K-STAXI) in 89 patients, who were diagnosed as having major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, or adjustment disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) criteria and who had self-labeled hwa-byung. Also, the symptoms of the Hwa-byung Scale were correlated with each other. RESULTS: The symptoms of the Hwa-byung Scale which were significantly correlated with the state anger of the K-STAXI but not with the depressive mood (item 1 of K-HDRS) included feelings of unfairness, subjective anger, external anger, heat sensation, pushing-up in the chest, dry mouth, and sighing. The symptoms which were significantly correlated with state anger and depressed mood included respiratory stuffiness, "haan" and hate. The symptoms which were not significantly correlated with depressed mood and state anger included going-out, epigastric mass, palpitation, headache/pain, frightening easily, many thoughts, and much pleading. These symptoms also showed higher correlation with each other in the correlation matrix. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that hwa-byung is different from depressive syndrome in terms of its symptom profile, and suggest what symptoms should be included in the diagnostic criteria of hwa-byung, an anger disorder.
Adjustment Disorders ; Anger ; Anxiety Disorders ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ; Dysthymic Disorder ; Hate ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Korea ; Mouth ; Sensation ; Somatoform Disorders ; Thorax

OBJECTIVES: This study was to investigate the characteristic symptoms of socalled hwabyung, a syndrome related to anger. METHODS: One hundred and fifteen normal healthy volunteer and 279 patients with anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, major depressive disorder without psychotic features, and dysthymic disorder completed a self-rating questionnaire which include the Korean version of SCL-90, and selected Korean culture-related symptoms, and the severity of hwabyung. The data was statistically analyzed with t-test, chi2-test, Spearman correlation test and cluster analysis. RESULTS: The symptoms of hwabyung group were severer than in non-hwabyung group, and hwabyung was characterized by the symptoms of chest stifling/oppression, impulse to go-out, a pushing-up sensation in the chest, weeping, mortification, heat sensation, sighing, depersonalization, many dreams, hate, shame, paranoid feeling, easily being frightened, blurred vision, fearfulness, destructive impulsiveness, absent mindedness, cold sensation, pleading, irritability, intolerance to the heat and facial flushing as well as typical neurotic symptoms such as anxiety states, depression and obsessive-compulsiveness. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that an anger disorder can be conceptualized.
Anger ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Depersonalization ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Dreams ; Dysthymic Disorder ; Flushing ; Hate ; Healthy Volunteers ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Sensation ; Shame ; Somatoform Disorders ; Thorax

This study was conducted to examine the predicting factors for the intention of breastfeeding with The Theory of Planned Behavior. The questionnaires were distributed to 131 primigravidas who were in their third trimester of pregnancy in Seoul, Kyonggido, Kyongsangbukdo, and Kyongsnagnamdo. Descriptive statistics, Pearsons Correlation and Multiple Regression were used to analyse the data. The subjects showed strong intention of breastfeeding. The subjects showed favorable attitudes toward breastfeeding. This fact showed significant correlation with the belief that their breastfeeding intention was due to the advantage of breast milk for the infant with regard to allergy prevention, disease protection, contribution to intellectual development, psychological closeness between mother and infant, convenience, cost, and the reduction of breast cancer risk and weight of the mother. No item of outcome evaluation did showed significant correlation with behavioral intension. The subjects were influenced about breastfeeding by their referents such as siblings and friends with breastfeeding experience, their mothers and husbands, and mothers-in-law. Most items of the control beliefs had a significant influence on the intention of breastfeeding. The subjects felt they could not control the situation ie. "when I have to breastfeed in public". However they felt they could control the situation ie. "when I suffer from mastitis", "when I have to cut down on coffee, alcohol, and smoking", "when I have Caesarean section", "when I need to maintain breast condition", and "when the infant hates to suck my nipple". Regression analysis revealed that control beliefs and attitudes toward breastfeeding could predict the behavioral intention of breastfeeding. Control beliefs were the most important factor in predicting behavioral intention. Therefore, nutrition education is needed to enhance the ability to cope with difficult situations while breastfeeding and increase faborable attitudes toward breastfeeding.
Breast ; Breast Feeding* ; Breast Neoplasms ; Coffee ; Education ; Female ; Friends ; Gyeonggi-do ; Hate ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Infant ; Intention* ; Milk, Human ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Third ; Seoul ; Siblings ; Spouses ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary pattern of children with unbalanced diet in school feeding. Children who eat only what they like among elementary school students were selected for this survey. The general characteristics, nutrition knowledge, eating behavior, food intake frequencies and food preferences of the subjects were investigated compared with control group. The subjects were consisted of a total of 160 children : 92 male students(unbalanced-diet group, 46; control group, 46), and 68 female students(unbalanced-diet group, 34; control group, 34). There was no significant difference in nutrition knowledge between the unbalanced-diet group and the control group. Dietary behavior of control group turned out to be more desirable than that of the unbalanced-diet group. In addition, 68.7% of the unbalanced-diet group and 13.8% of the control group hated to eat vegetables. The result of food intake frequency indicates that the control group turned out to be higher in their intake of fish, cereals, vegetables, seaweeds, fats & oils and Kimchi compared with unbalanced-diet group. Intake frequency of minerals and vitamins of the control group was higher than that of the unbalanced-diet group. On the other hand, the unbalanced-diet group turned out to be higher in sugar intake. Children showed the greatest preference of fruits. The unbalanced group turned out to prefer sugar and beverages more than the control group. These results suggest that the desirable dietary habits of children should be formed with the help of nutrition education designed for behavior modification.
Behavior Therapy ; Beverages ; Edible Grain ; Child* ; Diet* ; Eating ; Education ; Fats ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Food Habits ; Food Preferences ; Fruit ; Hand ; Hate ; Humans ; Male ; Minerals ; Oils ; Vegetables ; Vitamins