OBJECTIVES: As interest in the field of affective science continues to increase, research into the arousal of emotions by the use of facial stimuli, event pictures, and stimulus words is now being actively pursued. The purpose of this study was to develop a Korean Affective Word List for eliciting emotional reactions. METHODS: The preliminary selection process was more carefully divided into the primary process when the words were extracted which the author thought elicited the emotions of happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust from the Korean-Language Dictionary according to vocabulary frequency, the secondary process when the words were extracted which the Affective Words Selection Committee judged elicited only a single category of emotion. The affective words selected in the two-stage preliminary process were then presented to normal, young subjects, who were asked to allocate each word on the basis of their emotional reaction to one of the following emotional categories: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise. After the selected words caused the intended-emotional response with inter-rater agreement in more than 80%, a total of 166 words were selected except surprise. The complementary selection process was carried out following the preliminary process in order to make up for the lack of surprise words and the relative want of anger words. RESULTS: A total of 184 words were finally selected: 83 words for happiness, 36 for sadness, 24 for fear, 10 for anger, 20 for disgust, and 11 for surprise. CONCLUSION: These Korean affective words are expected to be widely used for eliciting emotions in future Korean research on emotion.
Anger ; Arousal ; Happiness ; Vocabulary

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to develop and validate a scale for measuring the negative effects of job stress on an individual, its family, and its community. METHODS: Based on open-ended questions, interviews, and expert comments, 73 preliminary scale items consisting of 12 factors were assembled. The initial survey was administered to 344 employees in order to conduct item analyses, reliability tests, and factor analyses of the stress assessment scale. The results of the factor analyses indicated that an 8 factor model comprising 43 items was most meaningful. For the final survey, data were obtained from 2732 employees. RESULTS: Factor analysis of the final survey data showed that the developed 8 factor model was appropriate for its intended use. Results of correlation analyses showed that the assessment scale was significantly related to stress response, thereby confirming convergent validity, and was related to various criteria including life satisfaction, hope, optimism, and subjective happiness, thereby confirming criterion-related validity. CONCLUSION: A scale useful in the assessment of negative effects on job stress on workers and on their community members including their families was developed and validated.
Happiness ; Hope ; Humans ; Optimism

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the subjectivity of undergraduate students about happiness. METHODS: Q methodology, which scientifically measures individual subjectivity, was used. Thirty-four Q-statements selected from 40 participants were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a nine-point scale. The collected data were analyzed using a PQMethod PC program. RESULTS: Type I: Self-directed, growth-seeking type. This group of people searches for their objectives and direction in life while consistently making efforts to realize their goals. Type II: Oriental and wealth-seeking type. This group of people sympathizes with the oriental worldview and believes in having luck such as wealth or health. Type III: Realistic and pleasure-seeking type. This group of people tries to think positively but while rooted in reality, searches for pleasure and satisfaction in their surroundings. Type IV: Altruistic and relationship-seeking type. This group of people stresses the importance of religious life, small happiness in life, and relationship with friends or neighbors. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide the foundation for understanding college students' perception about their happiness. Furthermore, these results suggest the necessity of specific and integrated education to improve happiness.
Education ; Friends ; Happiness* ; Humans ; Pleasure

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify emotional labor, nursing work environment, self-efficacy and happiness index and address factors associated with happiness index to provide basic resources for national psychiatric hospital nurses' happiness at work. METHODS: Participants were 249 nurses working in 5 national psychiatric hospitals. They participated in the survey and data were collected from May 16 to July 30, 2016. Data were analysed using SPSS/WIN 22.0. RESULTS: Mean scores were nurses' emotional labor, 3.89, nursing work environment, 2.77, self-efficacy, 3.77, and happiness index, 3.52. There were significant differences on the happiness index for: department, type of work, career length, position and payment. Happiness index was influenced by self-efficacy, work environment and emotional labor. Explanatory power of these variables was 36.9%. CONCLUSION: These results show that self-efficacy and work environment are important factors related to the happiness of the national psychiatric hospital nurses. Additionally, developing an effective program to facilitate self-efficacy of nurses and research studies to identify effects of such a program are required.
Happiness* ; Hospitals, Psychiatric* ; Korea* ; Nursing*

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies indicate that emotion regulation problems in major depressive disorder (MDD) may be caused by difficulties in preferring useful emotions according to their goals. We investigated expected emotional usefulness and emotional preference in individuals with MDD (MDDs) and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS: Participants were given an interpersonal scenario with two different goals (confrontation and collaboration) and rated their willingness to participate in emotion-provoking activities and the expected usefulness of a particular emotion. RESULTS: MDDs were similar to HCs in expected emotional usefulness but showed different patterns of emotional preference. HCs preferred happiness to negative emotions across goals whereas MDDs did not show such pattern. In addition, HCs displayed goal-appropriate preferences whereas MDDs did not prefer certain emotions for specific goals. CONCLUSION: Although MDDs seemed to understand how useful an emotion can be, they did not show preference for goal-appropriate emotions. Interventions should address why MDDs have difficulty engaging in goal-appropriate emotions despite having full knowledge of the utility of emotions in achieving goals.
Depression ; Depressive Disorder, Major* ; Happiness

OBJECTIVE: Middle-aged women experience a lot of events of physical changes and various mental conflicts. The purpose of this study is to determine variables related to happiness, and to make and verify the model for happiness of middle-aged women. METHODS: We constructed conceptual model for happiness of middle-aged women in Korea, based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs. This model consisted of three exogenous variables (health status, financial distress, and social support) and three endogenous variables (self-esteem, positive thinking, and happiness). For middle-aged women in Korea, we returned 442 questionnaires of 460 participants. RESULTS: Model fit of the modified model was satisfied; χ²=102.108, GFI=0.959, CMIN/DF=2.917, RMSEA=0.068, AGFI=0.922, CFI=0.977, SRMR=0.0368. Happiness was explained by 82% through health status, financial distress, social support, self-esteem, and positive thinking. As Maslow's hierarchy of needs, happiness of middle-aged women is related to basic needs (health status, financial distress, and social support), psychological needs (self-esteem and positive thinking) and self-fulfillment needs (happiness). CONCLUSION: Our study shows that it is required intervention for meeting basic factor such as health status, financial distress and social support in order to increase happiness of middle-aged women.
Female ; Happiness ; Humans ; Korea ; Thinking

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing meaning in life of nursing students. METHODS: This was a descriptive survey study. Data were collected using questionnaires from a sample of 210 nursing students. Data were analyzed using frequencies, means, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS 21.0. RESULTS: The mean of the score from the meaning in life was 4.82. There were significant differences in subjects' perception of meaning in life according to school year, grade level, motivation to apply to a nursing program, and satisfaction with a nursing major. Meaning in life was significantly correlated with positive affect, subjective happiness and social support, which were significant predictors (49.1%) of meaning in life. CONCLUSION: To improve meaning in life of the nursing students, pay attention to positive affect, subjective happiness, and social support.
Happiness ; Humans ; Motivation ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing*

OBJECTIVES: Patients with schizophrenia are reported to exhibited a reduced level of responsivity to highly arousing negative emotional pictures and to demonstrate a threatening bias to facial stimuli. The aim of this study was to investigate whether patients with schizophrenia show impaired and biased responsivity to threatening emotional words stimuli. METHODS: Eighteen subjects with schizophrenia (M=10, F=8) and 18 healthy controls (M=8, F=10) were involved in this study. Emotional words stimuli (happy, sad, fearful, angry, surprising, and disgusting words) were selected from a Korean affective words list (Kim et al., Unpublished). All subjects were asked to rate feelings elicited by emotional words, using the seven point Likert scale for each of the six basic emotions. RESULTS: Patients with schizophrenia displayed less emotional responsivity to disgusting and angry words as compared to healthy controls, while there were no significant differences in response to happy, sad, or fearful words. Emotional responsivity bias to disgust and happiness was observed in patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: Patients with schizophrenia may show reduced responsivity to disgust and anger words stimuli and biased responsivity to disgust and happiness. These findings are in line with previous findings of reduced reactivity to highly arousing emotional picture stimuli, social threatening bias, and Pollyanna tendencird in schizophrenia.
Anger ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Happiness ; Humans ; Schizophrenia

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of the Gratitude Enhancement Program on self-esteem, interpersonal relationships, gratitude disposition, subjective happiness, stress index in patients with chronic schizophrenia. METHODS: The research was designed for a nonequivalent control group before and after the test design. The subjects of this study were 29 patients in the experimental group and 28 patients in the control group. The Gratitude Enhancement Program was conducted three times a week for a total of nine sessions. Data were collected with questionnaires and measured with autonomic nervous system response (stress index) and was analyzed by t-test, chi-square test, Fisher's exact, and repeated measures ANOVA with the SPSS/WIN 23.0 program. RESULTS: There are no significant differences in the homogeneity test of a dependent variable between groups. The experimental group showed significant higher scores of self-esteem, interpersonal relationships, gratitude disposition, and subjective happiness than the control group. There was no significant difference in the stress index between two groups. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, this Gratitude Enhancement Program can be a good nursing intervention to improve self-esteem, interpersonal relationship, gratitude disposition, and subjective happiness for chronic schizophrenia patients.
Autonomic Nervous System ; Happiness ; Humans ; Nursing ; Schizophrenia*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify correlations in hospital nurses' work environment, emotional labor and happiness index to provide basic resources for nurses' happiness at work. METHODS: Resources were gathered from 291 nurses who agreed to participate. Random sampling of nurses in nine hospitals in G-do was done between July 15 and August 14, 2014. Data were analyzed using chi2 tests, independent t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple hierarchical regression with SPSS/WIN 18.0. RESULTS: Mean scores (scale of 5) were nurses' work environment, 2.81, emotional labor, 3.24, and happiness index, 2.94. There were significant differences on the happiness index for: age, marriage, children, clinical experience, position, payment, and future work plans and a negative correlation between work environment and emotional labor, emotional labor and happiness index but a positive correlation between happiness index and work environment. Happiness index was influenced by work environment, emotional labor, future work plans. Explanatory power of these variables was 26%. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study, so it is necessary to improve the work environment and reduce the frequency of emotional labor in order to increase the happiness index of hospital nurses.
Child ; Happiness* ; Humans ; Marriage ; Personal Satisfaction