This paper introduces the historical development, training contents, the inspection mechanism and management regulations of obstetrics and gynecology residents training in Taiwan region, China. Drawing lessons from the experience and ideas of the standardized residency training system of obstetrics and gynecology in Taiwan region, combined with the present situation and deficiencies of the training system in the mainland China, this paper puts forward constructive suggestions for the standardized residency training of obstetrics and gynecology, so as to obtain more efficient and satisfactory training results and provide ideas for cultivating excellent obstetrics and gynecology specialists in mainland China.

Objective:To analyze the relationship between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational random fasting glucose maximum, weight gain during pregnancy, and the occurrence of macrosomia in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes after 28 weeks gestation.Methods:The clinical data of 310 pregnant women with gestational diabetes after 28 weeks of diagnosis in Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University in 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into observation group (96 cases) with macrosomia and control group (214 cases) with normal birth weight according to the weight of newborn. The differences of BMI before pregnancy, the highest value of fasting blood glucose during pregnancy and weight gain during pregnancy between the two groups were analyzed.Results:The pre-pregnancy BMI , the highest value of random fasting blood glucose and weight gain during pregnancy in macrosomia group were significantly higher than those in non macrosomia group ( P<0.05); And the best cut-off point for predicting the delivery of macrosomia in pregnant women with gestational diabetes after 28 weeks of pregnancy was 22.077 kg/m 2, 4.965 mmol/L and 17.400 kg, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.646, 0.595 and 0.699 respectively. After correction of confounding factors, the BMI ( OR=1.238, 95% CI: 1.132, 1.354, P<0.001) and weight gain during pregnancy ( OR=1.189, 95% CI: 1.120, 1.262, P<0.001) were risk factors for macrosomia in gestational diabetes mellitus after 28 weeks of gestation ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Pre-pregnancy BMI>22.077 kg/m 2, gestational maximum fasting blood glucose >4.965 mmol/L and gestational weight gain >17.400 kg were all high risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus pregnant women after 28 weeks. For pregnant women with gestational diabetes, active prenatal intervention and health management are of great significance in reducing the risk of macrosomia.

Combination of passive targeting with active targeting is a promising approach to improve the therapeutic efficacy of nanotherapy. However, most reported polymeric systems have sizes above 100 nm, which limits effective extravasation into tumors that are poorly vascularized and have dense stroma. This will, in turn, limit the overall effectiveness of the subsequent uptake by tumor cells via active targeting. In this study, we combined the passive targeting via ultra-small-sized gemcitabine (GEM)-based nanoparticles (NPs) with the active targeting provided by folic acid (FA) conjugation for enhanced dual targeted delivery to tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). We developed an FA-modified prodrug carrier based on GEM (PGEM) to load doxorubicin (DOX), for co-delivery of GEM and DOX to tumors. The co-delivery system showed small particle size of ∼10 nm in diameter. The ligand-free and FA-targeted micelles showed comparable drug loading efficiency and a sustained DOX release profile. The FA-conjugated micelles effectively increased DOX uptake in cultured KB cancer cells that express a high level of folate receptor (FR), but no obvious increase was observed in 4T1.2 breast cancer cells that have a low-level expression of FR. Interestingly, in vivo, systemic delivery of FA-PGEM/DOX led to enhanced accumulation of the NPs in tumor and drastic reduction of tumor growth in a murine 4T1.2 breast cancer model. Mechanistic study showed that 4T1.2 tumor grown in mice expressed a significantly higher level of FOLR2, which was selectively expressed on TAMs. Thus, targeting of TAM may also contribute to the improved in vivo targeted delivery and therapeutic efficacy.