Biodegradable stents have achieved encouraging outcomes in the treatment of benign bile duct stenosis with good biocompatibility,unique biodegradation,and adept physical and mechanical performance.They have a higher biocompatibility than plastic and metal stents and do not require a second surgery for removal.This prevents adverse reactions like restenosis and the tendency to punch and bleed.These biodegradable stents provide a new method of treatment for biliary tract disease,and this review will focus on the animal experiments,clinical application,and future prospects of these stents.

As a kind of non-invasive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques, arterial spin labeling (ASL) takes full advantage of arterial blood as an endogenous tracer to track changes of blood lfow caused by lesions and to obtain the physiological and pathological information of relative tissues avoiding patients’ discomfort and potential danger. This review focused on working principle and categories of ASL, the comparisons with other methods, clinical application, and future prospects of ASL.

Background and purpose: With characteristic but non-specific features, subsolid pulmonary nodules (SSPN) is closely associated with early lung cancer. This study aimed to estimate the imaging value of SSPN in stageⅠA lung cancer, and summarized the radiological features of various SSPNs, retrospectively. Methods:The clinical data and imaging data of 405 patients with solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) from Apr. 2008 to Apr. 2014 at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center were collected. According to ground-glass opacity (GGO) proportion, SPNs were divided into 3 groups:pure ground-glass opacity (pGGO), mixed ground-glass opacity (mGGO) and solid nodule (SN). The malignant ratios were calculated based on the postoperatively pathological results. Besides, SSPNs were classiifed into stageⅠA lung cancer group and benign lesions group aiming at identifying the differentiating computed tomography (CT) features. Results:Of the enrolled 405 SPN patients, there were 367 SSPNs (including 124 pGGOs and 243 mGGOs) whose incidence in stageⅠA lung cancer group was signiifcantly higher than those in benign group [95.9%(257/268) vs 80.3%(110/137), P<0.001]. The total malignant ratio of SSPN was 70.0%(257/367), mGGO had a higher malignant ratio (72.0%) than those of pGGO (66.1%) and SN (28.9%). The malignant SSPNs were frequently detected in upper lobe of middle-aged women with a higher incidence of irregular edge, spiculation, lobulation and pleural retraction than benign group (P<0.05). Conclusion:SSPN is one of the signiifcantly malignant indicators, and mGGO has the highest malignant tendency. Senility, female, irregular edge, spiculation, lobulation, pleural retraction and pulmonary upper lobe distribution are demonstrated the signiifcant discriminators from benign lesions.

Objective:To explore the pharmacodynamic differences of india madder root before and after charcoal in antiinflammatory,ease pain,promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis and hemostasis function.Methods: The india madder root and india madder root charcoal decoction pieces were processed by the same one operation,then the water decoction of them were given to the mouse by intragastric administration in different dosages.The method of auricle tumefaction was adopted to compare the antiinflammatory function,body wrings was adopted to compare the ease pain function,to compare the hemostasis function of india madder root before and after charcoal by snipping off the mouse’s tail and capillary method.Blood stasis model was made by injecting Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate,then to compare the promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis function of india madder root before and after charcoal of india madder root before and after charcoal.Results: India madder root decoction pieces is more effective than india madder root charcoal decoction pieces in antiinflammatory,ease pain,promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis,but less effective in hemostasis.Conclusion: The function of antiinflammatory,ease pain,promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis of india madder root were less effective after charcoal,but the fuction of hemostasis was more effective.

Objective:To analyze the relationship between pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational random fasting glucose maximum, weight gain during pregnancy, and the occurrence of macrosomia in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes after 28 weeks gestation.Methods:The clinical data of 310 pregnant women with gestational diabetes after 28 weeks of diagnosis in Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University in 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into observation group (96 cases) with macrosomia and control group (214 cases) with normal birth weight according to the weight of newborn. The differences of BMI before pregnancy, the highest value of fasting blood glucose during pregnancy and weight gain during pregnancy between the two groups were analyzed.Results:The pre-pregnancy BMI , the highest value of random fasting blood glucose and weight gain during pregnancy in macrosomia group were significantly higher than those in non macrosomia group ( P<0.05); And the best cut-off point for predicting the delivery of macrosomia in pregnant women with gestational diabetes after 28 weeks of pregnancy was 22.077 kg/m 2, 4.965 mmol/L and 17.400 kg, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.646, 0.595 and 0.699 respectively. After correction of confounding factors, the BMI ( OR=1.238, 95% CI: 1.132, 1.354, P<0.001) and weight gain during pregnancy ( OR=1.189, 95% CI: 1.120, 1.262, P<0.001) were risk factors for macrosomia in gestational diabetes mellitus after 28 weeks of gestation ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Pre-pregnancy BMI>22.077 kg/m 2, gestational maximum fasting blood glucose >4.965 mmol/L and gestational weight gain >17.400 kg were all high risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus pregnant women after 28 weeks. For pregnant women with gestational diabetes, active prenatal intervention and health management are of great significance in reducing the risk of macrosomia.

ObjectiveTo explore the relationship between the occupational noise exposure and arteriosclerosis in mechanical manufacturing workers. Methods A total of 453 employees of a machinery manufacturing enterprise were selected as the study subjects using the judgment sampling method. The noise exposure levels in their workplaces were measured, and their cumulative noise exposure (CNE) was assessed based on the type of job-noise exposure matrix and occupational hazard exposure history. Pure-tone audiometry was performed on the research subjects, and their brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was measured. Results The CNE was (91±11) dB(A) per year and the median baPWV was 1 278.0 cm/s in the research subjects. The results of the generalized linear regression model analysis showed that for every one dB(A) per year increase in CNE, the baPWV of the general population increased by 0.20% ［95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10%-0.30%, P<0.01］, with an increase of 0.17% in males (95%CI 0.06%-0.28%, P<0.01) and 0.28% in females (95%CI 0.07%-0.49%, P<0.01). Using the hearing loss as an outcome indicator for high intensity noise exposure, the results showed that baPWV increased by 7.04% (95%CI 2.42%-11.87%, P<0.01) in individuals with bilateral hearing loss, and by 9.84% and 6.53% (95%CI 3.07%-17.07% and 2.13%-11.11%, all P<0.01) in individuals with elevated high-frequency hearing thresholds in both ears and in either ear, respectively. There was no significant association in elevated speech-frequency hearing thresholds and arteriosclerosis (P>0.05). Conclusion Occupational noise exposure may increase the risk of arteriosclerosis.

Combination of passive targeting with active targeting is a promising approach to improve the therapeutic efficacy of nanotherapy. However, most reported polymeric systems have sizes above 100 nm, which limits effective extravasation into tumors that are poorly vascularized and have dense stroma. This will, in turn, limit the overall effectiveness of the subsequent uptake by tumor cells via active targeting. In this study, we combined the passive targeting via ultra-small-sized gemcitabine (GEM)-based nanoparticles (NPs) with the active targeting provided by folic acid (FA) conjugation for enhanced dual targeted delivery to tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). We developed an FA-modified prodrug carrier based on GEM (PGEM) to load doxorubicin (DOX), for co-delivery of GEM and DOX to tumors. The co-delivery system showed small particle size of ∼10 nm in diameter. The ligand-free and FA-targeted micelles showed comparable drug loading efficiency and a sustained DOX release profile. The FA-conjugated micelles effectively increased DOX uptake in cultured KB cancer cells that express a high level of folate receptor (FR), but no obvious increase was observed in 4T1.2 breast cancer cells that have a low-level expression of FR. Interestingly, in vivo, systemic delivery of FA-PGEM/DOX led to enhanced accumulation of the NPs in tumor and drastic reduction of tumor growth in a murine 4T1.2 breast cancer model. Mechanistic study showed that 4T1.2 tumor grown in mice expressed a significantly higher level of FOLR2, which was selectively expressed on TAMs. Thus, targeting of TAM may also contribute to the improved in vivo targeted delivery and therapeutic efficacy.