In recent years ,matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a new organic soft ionization mass spectrometry which can identify and classify microorganism by directly using the sam-ple itself or cultivate colonies on petri dish in a few minutes .This new and simple method reduces the cost of consumables and the time of diagnosis greatly .Its reliability and accuracy have been shown in many studies and different system devices have al-ready been on the market .In the near future ,MALDI-TOF MS will have a broader prospect .This mass spectrometry will be-come an effective and fast microbial identification technology to replace the conventional method .In this article ,we will review the principles of MALDI-TOF MS ,its development and application ,its advantages and shortcomings which compared with tra-ditional methods at the present stage ,and the emphasis will focus on the application characteristics of MALDI-TOF MS in mi-crobial systems .

Objective:To discuss the diagnostic value of calcitonin(CT), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), pro-gastrin releasing peptide (Pro-GRP) and chromogranin A (CgA) in the identification of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC).Methods:The CT levels in 105 cases of MTC, 50 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma, 10 cases of thyroid follicular carcinoma, 5 cases of undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma, 50 cases of benign thyroid diseases, 30 cases of non-thyroid malignant tumors and 50 cases of healthy controls were measured from February 2017 to August 2019 at the Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital affliated to Fudan University. Additionally, 79 cases of MTC, 30 cases of non-MTC thyroid malignant tumors and 30 healthy controls were selected for the measurement of CEA, NSE, Pro-GRP and CgA levels. The receiver operating curve was utilized to clarify the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of each indicator to distinguish between different groups.Results:The medians of CT concentrations in the group of MTC patients was 607.2 (152.5,2 777.5)pg/ml, which was statistically significantly higher than that of the subjects in the group of papillary thyroid carcinoma 1.48 (0.5,2.91)pg/ml, follicular thyroid carcinoma 1.90 (0.82,2.99)pg/ml, undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma 0.50 (0.50,4.93)pg/ml, benign thyroid disease 1.30 (0.50,2.79)pg/ml, non-thyroid malignancies 1.36 (0.50,2.89)pg/ml and healthy controls 2.05 (0.89,3.18)pg/ml. The sensitivity, specificity and AUC of CT to distinguish MTC vs. non-MTC patients was 96.2%, 99.3% and 0.99, respectively. The maximum diameter (>1 cm, P=0.001, OR=15.74) and number (>1, P=0.04, OR=3.4) of nodules were two independent risk factors for elevated CT. CEA (AUC=0.94), NSE (AUC=0.65), Pro-GRP (AUC=0.94) and CgA (AUC=0.83) could all distinguish MTC vs. non-MTC thyroid malignancies. The AUC, sensitivity and specificity by combining CT, CEA, NSE, Pro-GRP and CgA to differentiate MTC vs. non-MTC thyroid malignancies was 1, 100% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions:CT, CEA, NSE, Pro-GRP and CgA may be helpful for the auxiliary diagnosis of MTC. The combination of these indicators in the diagnosis of MTC has high sensitivity and specificity.

Objective:To discuss the diagnostic value of calcitonin(CT), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), pro-gastrin releasing peptide (Pro-GRP) and chromogranin A (CgA) in the identification of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC).Methods:The CT levels in 105 cases of MTC, 50 cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma, 10 cases of thyroid follicular carcinoma, 5 cases of undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma, 50 cases of benign thyroid diseases, 30 cases of non-thyroid malignant tumors and 50 cases of healthy controls were measured from February 2017 to August 2019 at the Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital affliated to Fudan University. Additionally, 79 cases of MTC, 30 cases of non-MTC thyroid malignant tumors and 30 healthy controls were selected for the measurement of CEA, NSE, Pro-GRP and CgA levels. The receiver operating curve was utilized to clarify the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of each indicator to distinguish between different groups.Results:The medians of CT concentrations in the group of MTC patients was 607.2 (152.5,2 777.5)pg/ml, which was statistically significantly higher than that of the subjects in the group of papillary thyroid carcinoma 1.48 (0.5,2.91)pg/ml, follicular thyroid carcinoma 1.90 (0.82,2.99)pg/ml, undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma 0.50 (0.50,4.93)pg/ml, benign thyroid disease 1.30 (0.50,2.79)pg/ml, non-thyroid malignancies 1.36 (0.50,2.89)pg/ml and healthy controls 2.05 (0.89,3.18)pg/ml. The sensitivity, specificity and AUC of CT to distinguish MTC vs. non-MTC patients was 96.2%, 99.3% and 0.99, respectively. The maximum diameter (>1 cm, P=0.001, OR=15.74) and number (>1, P=0.04, OR=3.4) of nodules were two independent risk factors for elevated CT. CEA (AUC=0.94), NSE (AUC=0.65), Pro-GRP (AUC=0.94) and CgA (AUC=0.83) could all distinguish MTC vs. non-MTC thyroid malignancies. The AUC, sensitivity and specificity by combining CT, CEA, NSE, Pro-GRP and CgA to differentiate MTC vs. non-MTC thyroid malignancies was 1, 100% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions:CT, CEA, NSE, Pro-GRP and CgA may be helpful for the auxiliary diagnosis of MTC. The combination of these indicators in the diagnosis of MTC has high sensitivity and specificity.

Objective:To analyze the clinical manifestations and test results of brucellosis cases, provide basis for clinical and laboratory differential diagnosis of brucellosis.Methods:Using retrospective analysis method, the cases of brucellosis confirmed by the Microbiology Laboratory of the Laboratory of Shenzhen People's Hospital from December 2015 to August 2019 were selected as the survey subjects, and the clinical data of the survey subjects were collected, including epidemiological characteristics, clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, treatment and prognosis.Results:Of the 14 patients, 9 were males and 5 were females. The median age of the patients was 42 years old (ranged 23 - 62 years old). Seventy-eight point six percent (11/14) of the patients were firstly diagnosed from April to September; 78.6% (11/14) of the patients had a history of contact with raw beef, mutton, pork and sheep placenta. The main clinical symptoms of brucellosis were fever (100.0%, 14/14) and arthralgia (42.9%, 6/14). The most common complication was arthritis (3/7). Laboratory results showed that the white blood cell count in all patients was not increased. However, many patients presented with high C-reactive protein level (9 cases), abnormal liver function (9 cases) and high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (8 cases). The median detection time of positive blood culture was 69 h (ranged 48 - 110 h). Seven patients had good prognosis, 4 patients continued to receive treatment due to complications, 2 patients failed to follow-up, and 1 patient died before the diagnosis was confirmed of the 14 patients.Conclusions:The clinical manifestations of brucellosis are complex, and detailed epidemiological history should be documented during clinical diagnosis to avoid misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis. Microbiologists should master the microbiological characteristics of Brucella, and improve differential diagnosis capabilities.

Identifying and comparing the chemical constituents of wild silkworm cocoon and silkworm cocoon is of great significance for understanding the domestication of silkworm. In this study, we used high temperature and high pressure and methanol-water system to extract cocoon chemical constituents. We used UHPLC-MS to identify and compare cocoon chemical constituents of wild silkworm and domestic silkworm Dazao and Haoyue strains. The cocoon metabolic fingerprints of wild silkworm and domestic silkworm Dazao and Haoyue strains were obtained by using the UHPLC-MS in the positive ion mode and negative ion mode. By annotation, we found that cocoon chemical compounds with high abundances contained amino acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, organic acids, and lignans. PLS-DA showed that the cocoon components were significantly different among the wild silkworm and two domestic silkworm strains Dazao and Haoyue. Proline, leucine/isoleucine and phenylalanine showed significantly higher abundances in the cocoon of domestic silkworm Dazao strain than in those of wild silkworm and domestic silkworm Haoyue strain. The flavonoid secondary metabolites are abundant in the Dazao cocoon, including quercetin, isoquercetin, quercetin 3-O-sophoroside, quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O- rutinoside, and kaempferol. The other secondary metabolites, alkaloids, terpenes and lignans, showed higher abundances in the wild silkworm cocoon than in the domestic silkworm cocoon, including neurine, candicine, pilocarpidine, artemisiifolin, eupassopin, and eudesobovatol. By exposing cocoons to UV light and observing the green fluorescence of flavonoids, we found that Dazao cocoon had the most flavonoids, and Haoyue cocoon had least flavonoids and wild silkworm cocoon had mediate flavonoids. Alkaloids and organic acids are good anti-insect and antimicrobial agents, which have high abundance in the wild silkworm cocoon and could enhance the defense ability of wild silkworm cocoon. Flavonoids are abundant in the cocoon of domestic silkworm Dazao strain, which the main factors are leading to the yellow-green cocoon of Dazao.
Animals ; Bombyx ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Flavonoids ; Mass Spectrometry

BackgroundThe existing tools in China for assessing psychiatric nurses' knowledge， attitude and practice towards the use of protective restraint do not sufficiently consider the specialty in psychiatric practice， and the scale items are somewhat cumbersome to use， which together restrict their further promotion and application. Accordingly， there is an urgent need for developing a more scientific assessment tool. ObjectiveTo construct a scale for assessing psychiatric nurses' knowledge， attitude and practice towards the use of protective restraint and to verify its reliability and validity， so as to provide a generic tool for the assessment. MethodsBased on the theoretical framework of the knowledge-attitude-practice model， the preliminary scale was formed through systematic literature review， qualitative interview and Delphi method. From July to December 2021， a stratified sampling was utilized to select 729 psychiatric nurses from tertiary， secondary and primary （including unclassified medical institutions and grassroots hospitals） psychiatric hospitals in Guangdong Province. The formal scale was developed through item analysis， exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The validity of the scale was evaluated by content validity and structure validity， and the reliability was verified by procedures including Cronbach's α coefficient， test-retest reliability， and split-half reliability. ResultsA total of 12 items of three dimensions （knowledge， attitude， practice） were included in the scale for assessing psychiatric nurses' knowledge， attitude and practice towards the use of protective restraint. The scale-level content validity index （S-CVI） was 0.941， and the item-level content validity index （I-CVI） ranged from 0.812 to 1.000. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three common factors， and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 62.948%. The confirmatory factor yielded adequate fit. Cronbach's α coefficient was found to be 0.887 for the scale， 0.819 for knowledge dimension， 0.842 for attitude dimension， and 0.831 for practice dimension. The split-half reliability and test-retest reliability for the scale were 0.712 and 0.922， respectively. ConclusionThe scale shows satisfactory reliability and validity， which can be used to assess psychiatric nurses' knowledge， attitude and practice towards the use of protective restraint. ［Funded by Guangdong Clinical Teaching Base Teaching Reform Research Project （number， 2021JD119）］