Objective:To identify age and gender standardized body mass index among children and adolescents and explore their associations with high blood pressure (HBP) in late adolescence.Methods:The current study was based on the Health Promotion Program for Children and Adolescents, school-based surveillance successively conducted from 2012 to 2019 in Suzhou, China. A total of 11 812 children and adolescents aged 16-18 years, who had ≥4 examination records during 2012-2018 and were also involved in a surveillance program in 2019, were included. Latent class growth mixture modeling was used to identify the BMI-Z trajectories in different genders, and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between different BMI-Z trajectories and risk of HBP in late adolescence.Results:Six distinct BMI-Z trajectories were determined for both genders:thin, slightly thin,standard, declining, overweight, and obese. Compared with the regular group, the obesity group had 94.0% ( OR=1.94, 95% CI: 1.43-2.63) and 107.0% ( OR=2.07, 95% CI: 1.33-3.22) increased risk of developing HBP in late adolescence in boys and girls, respectively. However, a neutral association was found between the descending group and HBP in late adolescence. Conclusions:Persistent obesity in children may increase the risk of HBP in their late adolescence. If an obese child restores normal weight before late adolescence, the risk of HBP may reduce.

Objective To create a mouse model of colorectal polyps with Apc-Kras-Cre gene mutations using the tamoxifen induction method.Methods Mice with Apc-Kras-Cre mutations were divided into four groups and injected intraperitoneally with different concentrations and dosages of tamoxifen for different durations,with group 1 injected with low dosage tamoxifen(5 mg/kg)for 1 day,group 2 injected with low dosage tamoxifen(5 mg/kg)for 3 days,group 3 injected with high dosage tamoxifen(50 mg/kg)for 1 day,group 4 injected with high dosage tamoxifen(50 mg/kg)for 3 days.C57BL/6J mice were used as a healthy control group and survival and changes in body weight were observed.All mice were euthanized 4 weeks post-tamoxifen induction and the colon length and number and size of intestinal polyps were observed.Histological changes in the intestinal tissue and polyps were detected by hematoxylin and eosin staining.Results The survival rate of male mice was higher(P＜0.001)and the morbidity rate of male mice was lower compared with female mice(P＜0.05).The survival rate differed significantly among the four groups(P＜0.01).All groups showed significant changes in body weight compared with the healthy control group(P＜0.001).There were also significant differences in weight changes between tamoxifen-induced groups 1 and 2,between groups 2 and 3,and between groups 1 and 4(P＜0.001,P＜0.01,P＜0.05,respectively).There were no significant differences in colon length between any treated group and the healthy control group(P＞0.05),but colon length did differ between tamoxifen-induced groups 1 and 3(P＜0.05).Polyp size varied in each group of tamoxifen-treated mice,with most polyps occuring at the distal end of the colon,while mice in groups 3 and 4 had more and larger polyps.Histopathological examination showed intestinal polyps with uneven and misaligned glandular and epithelial arrangements,a loosely-packed intestinal mucosal barrier,and irregularly-distributed crypts in tamoxifen-induced mice compared with the healthy control group,while mice in tamoxifen-induced groups 3 and 4 showed signs of inflammation and mice in group 4 showed necrosis of cells in some regions.Conclusions Tamoxifen-induced Apc-Kras-Cre model mice were successfully established,with the group 3 induction method being the most suitable.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and outcomes of robot-assisted electrode insertion in cochlear implantation.Methods:We first reported the case of robot-assisted electrode insertion of cochlear implantation in October 2019. A new slim electrode array of Nurotron cochlear implant (CS-10A TM) and RobOtol ? robot system were used in this case. The robotic assistance procedures, surgical outcomes were analyzed. Results:Robot-assisted electrode insertion was successfully performed in this adult patient. The preparation of robot system cost six minutes, the electrode array was slowly and fully inserted into tympanic scala with robot assistance. No damage in the surgical field occurred by the robotic instrument. Intraoperative electrode impedances and neural response measurements were normal. No postoperative complications occurred. Up to three months of follow up after implantation, the cochlear implant functioned well and rehabilitated hearing was satisfactory.Conclusion:Otological robot system shows its advantage in the elimination of human involuntary tremors and the augmentation of accuracy during micromanipulation, it could safely assist cochlear implantation to realize minimally invasive and full tympanic scala insertion of the electrode array, and to ensure the good preservation of the intracochlear fine structure.

Objective·To develope an auditory brainstem implant(ABI)vocoder based on cochlear implant(CI)vocoder characteristics and ABI electrode array topology,and to verify its reliability.Methods·An"n-of-m"coding strategy CI/ABI vocoder was constructed based on MATLAB.Within each frame,only the envelopes of the n channels with the highest energy were selected.The interaction coefficient(IC)(range:1?3),channel numbers(range:5?22),and electrode array topology(CI/ABI)were adjustable parameters,allowing for the synthesis of simulated speech.Psychoacoustic evaluation was employed,recruiting normal hearing subjects to perform closed-set simulated phoneme perception.The phoneme recognition accuracy(20 vowel questions/condition,11 consonant questions/condition)was compared with the corresponding conditions of CI and ABI from reference literature to determine the IC value of the vocoder and verify its reliability.Results·The vocoder successfully synthesized all test stimuli.In the closed-set CI-simulated speech recognition,the simulated vowel and consonant recognition accuracy for IC2 and IC3 conditions showed no significant difference compared to the accuracy reported in the CI reference literature(P＞0.05).The difference in vowel and consonant accuracy between IC2 and the literature was smaller than that between IC3 and the literature(vowel|d|=1.6%vs.20%,consonant|d|=8.4%vs.9.9%),thus determining the optimal interaction coefficient of this model as 2.Subsequently,when modifying the electrode array topology to ABI,it was found that the simulated phoneme recognition accuracy for a 16-channel ABI was significantly lower than that for the 16-channel CI group,consistent with the reported literature.The simulated vowel and consonant accuracy within the 5?8 channel range for ABI showed no significant difference(P＞0.05),also aligning with the trend reported in the literature.Conclusion·A CI/ABI vocoder based on"n-of-m"coding strategy is established and the optimal IC is determined.The established ABI encoder has been evaluated for high reliability through psychoacoustic experiments.It provides suitable technical means for validating ABI-specific coding strategies.

Over the past 50 years, the focus of acoustic neuroma surgery has shifted from low mortality and tumor resection to retention of neurological function. Hearing preservation is another point in addition to facial nerve function preservation. Hearing preservation rates overall ranged from 2% to 93% in recent studies. Characteristics such as approach, pre-operative neurological function, tumor size, nerve of origin and fundal fluid of the internal auditory canal have been reported as possible influencing factors. This review provides a summary of recent studies and describes the prognostic factors that predict hearing preservation.

Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19

Objective: To evaluate the application of combination use of microscope and endoscope in cerebral pontine angle (CPA) surgery. Methods: A total of 72 patients undergone lateral skull base surgeries via endoscope under microscopic control from January 2006 to January 2015 was reviewed respectively. The patients including 35 males and 37 females were composed of 22 cases of vestibular swannnomas, 45 cases of cranial neuropathy and 5 cases of CPA chelesteatoma. Twenty cases of vestibular swannnomas, 15 cases of cranial neuropathy and 2 cases of CPA chelesteatoma undergone the surgery via retrosigmoid approach, while other cases undergone the surgery via retrolabyrinthine approach. Surgical procedures were accomplished under the control of microscope and different angular endoscope with imaging fusion. The surgical results were evaluated according to subjective and objective criteria, and all patients were followed up for 15 years. Results: The symptoms was disappeared in the cranial neuropathy patients, without facial paralysis, complication of other nerves or hearing loss. Twenty-two patients with vestibular schwannomas got total tumor removal without facial palsy or neurological deficits; useful hearing was preserved in 16 of 22 patients (72.7%), and no tumor recurrence was found during 1-5 years follow-up. There was also no facial palsy or other complications in 5 cases of CPA chelesteatoma, which gained completely surgical removal; useful hearing was preserved in 3 of 5 cases of these patients and no recurrence was occurred during 1-1.5 years follow-up. Conclusions A combination use of endoscope and microscope could combine advantages and avoid disadvantages of two techniques. It can provide better exposure with minimal invasion in CPA surgery, and is especially applicable in surgery for cranial neuropathy, vestibular schwannoma and CPA cholesteatoma, which should be performed through retrosigmoid approach and retrolabyrinthine approach.