Objective To evaluate the effect of IL-18 on the expression of E-cadherin,α-SMA and CX3 CL1 in pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs).Methods The human PSC line HPaSteC was routinely cultured and passaged.Five,25,50 and 100 μg/L IL-18 was used to treat PSCs for 72 h and the untreated PSCs were used as control.Treated and untreated cells were both collected,and RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect mRNA and protein expression of E-cadherin,α-SMA and CX3CL1 respectively.Results The mRNA expressions of E-cadherin in control group and 5,25,50 and 100 μg/L IL-18 treated group were 1.03 ± 0.17,0.77 ±0.15,0.89 ± 0.12,0.54 ± 0.11 and 0.46 ± 0.06.The mRNA expression of α-SMA were 1.03 ± 0.19,0.85 ± 0.14,1.33 ± 0.22,1.60 ± 0.14 and 1.94 ± 0.09;The mRNA expression of CX3CL1 were 1.01 ±0.08,0.88 ±0.25,0.86 ±0.17,1.58 ±0.26 and 1.83 ±0.13.The mRNA expression of E-cadherin in IL-18 treated group were down-regulated,while the mRNA expression of α-SMA and CX3CL1 were up-regulated,and the differences between control and IL-18 100 μg/L treated group were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05 or ＜ 0.01).The protein expression of E-cadherin in control group and 5,25,50 and 100 μg/L IL-18 treated group were 1.00 ±0.14,1.14 ±0.04,1.14 ±0.07,0.85 ±0.08 and 0.80 ±0.06.The protein expression of α-SMA were 1.00 ± 0.02,0.77 ± 0.07,1.29 ± 0.02,1.59 ± 0.07 and 1.70 ± 0.02;The protein expression of CX3CL1 were 1.00 ± 0.05,1.03 ± 0.05,1.37 ± 0.06,1.46 ± 0.18 and 1.45 ± 0.12.The protein expression of E-cadherin was down-regulated but no significant differences were observed among different groups.The protein expression of α-SMA was up-regulated and the differences between control group and 25,50 and 100 μg/L IL-18 treated groups were statistically significant (all P ＜0.01).The protein expression of CX3CL1 was up-regulated and the differences between control group and 100 ng/ml IL-18 treated group were statistically significant (P ＜0.05).Conclusions IL-18 can activate PSCs and up-regulate the expression of chemokine CX3CL1.

Objective:To investigate the ethical practices in individual supervision of counseling in China.Method:Forty-one graduate students and 38 participants of the China American Psychoanalytic Alliance (CAPA) were included in this study.The Ethical Practices in Supervision Scale (EPSS) was used for the investigation.The scale included two parts.The first part was to investigate supervisors'ethical practices,and the second part focused on supervisees'impact from unethical supervisors.Results:The findings showed that 7 out of 28 items in the scale were significantly different between two groups.CAPA participants' supervisors performed better than graduate students' supervisors (P ＜ 0.05) in supervision scheduling,ethics discussion,and counselor/therapist role.Graduate students' supervisors performed better than CAPA participants' supervisors (P ＜ 0.05) in live supervision,audio/video review,informing clients of supervisee's status as trainee,and supervision contract.If individuals experience their supervisors being unethical or unprofessional,more than 55 percent of the individuals responded to negatively affect their thoughts toward their supervisor and the supervisory alliance,and almost 50 percent of the individuals responded to negatively impact their emotion and quality of their counseling for clients.Conclusion:Both graduate students and CAPA participants respond that their supervisors perform well in both monitoring supervisees' performance and maintaining appropriate boundaries.However,both of them should work more on reviewing video or audiotapes of supervisees' sessions regularly.

Objective:To investigate the in vitro influence of IL-24 on the functions of CD8 + T cells from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods:Twenty-eight NSCLC patients and 17 healthy individuals were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected to isolate CD8 + T cells. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR was used to detect the expression of IL-24 receptors (IL-20R1, IL-20R2 and IL-22R1) at mRNA level in CD8 + T cells. Changes in the expression of perforin and granzyme B were measured by flow cytometry after stimulating purified CD8 + T cells with different concentrations of recombinant human IL-24 (10 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml). In vitro direct and indirect contact co-culture systems were established for CD8 + T cells and NSCLC cell line (NCI-H1882 cells). CD8 + T cells induced target cell death and expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α in response to IL-24 stimulation were analyzed. Student′s t test or LSD- t test was used for intergroup comparison. Results:The expression of IL-22R1 at mRNA level was not detected in CD8 + T cells. No significant difference in IL-20R1 or IL-20R2 expression at mRNA level in CD8 + T cells was observed between healthy individuals and NSCLC patients, or between non-tumor sites and tumor sites ( P>0.05). Perforin and granzyme B expression was significantly reduced in CD8 + T cells from peripheral bloods and tumor sites of NSCLC patients as compared with those from healthy individuals and non-tumor sites (all P<0.05). Low concentration of IL-24 (10 ng/ml) did not affect perforin or granzyme B expression in CD8 + T cells ( P>0.05), but high concentration of IL-24 (100 ng/ml) significantly enhanced the expression of perforin and granzyme B in CD8 + T cells from NSCLC patients ( P<0.05). In the direct contact co-culture system, increased ratio of dead target cells and up-regulated IFN-γ and TNF-α expression were induced after stimulating CD8 + T cells from tumor sites in NSCLC patients with high concentration of IL-24 (100 ng/ml), but low concentration of IL-24 (10ng/ml) had no significant influence on CD8 + T cell-induced target cell death and cytokine production. In the indirect contact co-culture system, neither target cell death nor cytokine production induced by CD8 + T cells was affected by IL-24 stimulation. Conclusions:High concentration of IL-24 promoted the in vitro cytolytic function of CD8 + T cells from NSCLC patients, but might not influence the in vivo functions of CD8 + T cells.

Objective To investigate whether thalidomide inhibits the over expression of type I collagen in pulmonary fibrosis rats via inhibiting the JNK signaling pathway,thereby reducing bleomycin induced pulmonary interstitial fibrosis in rats.Methods 90 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group (group N),model group (group M),thalidomide group (group T),SP600125 group (group SP) and thalidomide+SP600125 group (group T+SP).The pulmonary fibrosis models were prepared via intratracheal injection of 5mg/kg bleomycin,and rats in groups were given corresponding drugs from the first day after preparing model.Rats were randomly sacrificed at 7,14 and 28 days after treatment.The degree of pulmonary alveolitis and fibrosis was evaluated by H&E and trichrome masson stainings.The level of hydroxyproline in the lung tissue was detected by applying alkaline hydrolysis technique,and expression levels of p-JNK and type I collagen were tested by Western bloting for protein expression and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for mRNA expression.Results In group M,alveolitis was the most serious on day 7; a marked pulmonary fibrosis formed on day 28; the level of hydroxyproline also peaked on day 28,and the contents of p-JNK and type I collagen were higher than in group N(F=277.87,472.51,both P＜ 0.01).Group T,SP and T+SP showed mild alveolitis and fibrosis at all time points,and their levels of hydroxyproline,p-JNK and type I collagen were remarkably decreased as compared with group M (F=14.77,61.59,101.73,all P＜0.01;F=10.33、79.12、57.48,all P＜0.01).No significant difference in p JNK was found between group SP and group T+SP.Conclusions Thalidomide may inhibit the over expression of type I collagen in pulmonary fibrosis rats via inhibiting the JNK signaling pathway,thereby reducing bleomycin induced pulmonary interstitial fibrosis in rats.

Objective To observe the effect of budesonide/doxofylline on patients with persistent asthma. Methods Sixty patients with moderate asthma were randomly divided into treatment group and control group. Patients in treatment group accepted the inhalation budesonide 400μg/d and doxofylline tablet 0.2 bid po but those in control group accepted the inhalation budesonide/formoterol 160/4.5μg bid. FeNO, sputum eosinophils, PEF and ACT scores were compared between two groups. Results PEF and ACT scores in treatment group were lower to those in control group (P<0.05), whereas the score of sputum eosinophils in treatment group was higher (P<0.05) one month later. There was no significant difference in FeNO between two groups (P>0.05). After three months, sputum eosinophils in treatment group were better than that in control group (P<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in PEF, ACT scores and FeNO between two groups(P>0.05). Conclusion There is no significant difference in controlling asthma between budesonide/doxofylline and budesonide/formooterol

Objective To study the diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)for benign and malignant bile duct stricture.Methods Data of 51 patients who underwent EUS from January 2007 to March 2015 due to distal biliary stricture were retrospectively studied.And their diagnosis with EUS,IDUS,bile duct cytological brushing and final diagnosis were compared.Results Malignant bile duct stenosis were finally confirmed in 19 cases and benign stenosis were confirmed in 32 cases.The sensitivity (73.7％ VS 57.1％) and positive predictive value (73.7％ VS 57.1％) of EUS for the benign and malignant diagnosis of biliary tract stenosis were significantly higher than that of IDUS (P＜0.05),while their specificity(84.4％ VS 84.2％)and accuracy(80.4％ VS 76.9％)were similar.The sensitivity of EUS was significantly higher than that of bile duct cytological brushing (73.7％ VS 50.0％),while their specificity (84.4％ VS 100.0％)and accuracy(80.4％ VS 81.6％)were similar.EUS findings of hypoechoic mass features had higher diagnostic accuracy for detecting malignant distal bile duct stricture than irregular thickening of the lumen in the distal bile duct (100.0％ VS 64.3％,P＜0.05).Conclusion For patients with lesions of the distal bile duct that CT/MRI could not diagnose,EUS has an important value for the further diagnosis of benign and malignant bile duct stricture.

Objective:To learn the cognition and attitudes of psychometric ethics of graduate students whose major was clinical psychology or counseling psychology,and to investigate whether ethics training could influence their cognition and attitude.Methods:Researchers distributed the questionnaire online regarding cognition and attitudes of psychometric ethics among clinical and counseling psychology graduate students.Seventy-six feedbacks were collected (4 students were learning ethics courses,27 students had learned ethics courses,45 students hadnt learned ethics courses).The questionnaire included the Psychometric Cognition Questionnaire (PCQ),Situational Judgement Questionnaire (SJQ) and Psychometric Attitude Questionnaire (PAQ).The first two sets of questionnaires reflected ethics knowledge.The last one showed ethics attitudes and behavioral tendencies.Results:The correct rates in participants who had learned or were learning ethics were 76.5％ and 75.1％ at the first and second set of questionnaires,while were 73.9％ and 74.2％ in other participants.The correct rates of three major clauses in PCQ were 90.3％,67.7％ and 74.2％,significantly higher than participants who never learned ethics,whose correct rates were 88.9％,66.7％,and 44.4％ (Ps ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in SJQ between those who had learned or was learning ethics and those who had never learned ethics (Ps ＞0.05).Participants who had learned or were leaning ethics scored in sum in PAQ that had no significant differences with those who had never learned ethics(Ps ＞ 0.05).Conclusion:Clinical and counseling psychology graduate students master considerable level of knowledge on ethics and attitude.Ethics training is essential for acquiring psychometric ethics.

Objects:To investigate the current situation of counselors'implementation and their attitude to informed consent in Beijing.Methods:Eleven counselors who worked in Beijing were interviewed,the average of their working years was (7.4 ± 4.4).A semi-structured interview was used to learn about their practicing processes in and viewpoints on informed consent,and their interview transcripts were analyzed through qualitative method.Results:The results could be categorized into four categories,including the content of informed consent,the influential factors of informed consent,problems and confusions,and the significance of informed consent.The crucial role of informed consent in psychotherapy was generally recognized by counselors,and they could obey the related rules as well.The therapists had some confusion and problems about informed consent,such as the form and length,the consent for special population and online consultation.Conclusion:Basically,the counselors in Beijing could comply with the ethical standards of informed consent.However,they also suggest that certain limitations of these rules should be noticed.

Objective:To explore the implementation effect and problems of the policy of encouraging generic drug list in China,in order to further improve the policy of generic drug list.Methods:The selection principle of encouraging generic drug list in China,the characteristics and implementation status of included drugs,and the existing problems are analyzed.Results:The therapeutic fields of drugs included in the two batches of catalogs are relatively concentrated in the nervous system,respiratory system,tumor,en-docrine and metabolic diseases and infectious diseases.Among the 50 drugs,there are 24 new applications for generic drugs,2 drugs are included in the priority review,19are approved for listing,and 20 are included in the medical insurance catalog.At present,there are still problems in the development of the two batches of catalogs,such as the ineffective implementation of the second batch of cata-log policies,the phenomenon of"polarization"in the research and development of some generic drugs,the lack of priority review sys-tem,and the coordination and linkage between departments to be strengthened.Conclusion:It is necessary to improve the system de-sign,strengthen the selection management of reference preparations,improve the supporting incentive measures,mobilize the enthusi-asm of enterprises in research and development,dynamically adjust the generic drug catalog,and strengthen the coordination and link-age of departments.

Objective:To investigate the influence of IL-24 on monocyte activity in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in vitro. Methods:Twenty-five NSCLC patients and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in the current study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected to isolate monocytes. Expression of IL-22R1, IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 at mRNA level in monocytes was semi-quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of Fas ligand (FasL) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure the levels of granzyme A, granzyme B and granzyme H after stimulating monocytes with recombinant human IL-24 (10 ng/ml and 100 ng/ml). The monocytes isolated from peripheral blood of NSCLC patients were co-cultured with A549 cells in vitro. Monocyte-induced target cell death in response to IL-24 stimulation was investigated and changes in the cytotoxicity of monocytes were also assessed after inhibiting granzyme B with Z-AAD-CMK. Student′s t test or LSD- t test was used for comparison. Results:IL-22R1 mRNA was not detected in monocytes. There were no remarkable differences in either IL-20R1 mRNA or IL-20R2 mRNA expression in monocytes between healthy controls and NSCLC patients, or between non-tumor site and tumor site ( P>0.05). FasL and TRAIL expression and granzyme secretion were significantly reduced in monocytes from peripheral blood and tumor sites of NSCLC patients as compared with those from controls ( P<0.05). IL-24 stimulation did not affect the expression of FasL or TRAIL or the secretion of granzyme A or granzyme H ( P>0.05). Low concentration of IL-24 (10 ng/ml) did not affect granzyme B secretion ( P>0.05), while high concentration of IL-24 (100 ng/ml) significantly elevated the secretion of granzyme B by monocytes ( P<0.05). Low concentration of IL-24 (10 ng/ml) did not affect the monocyte-induced target cell death ( P>0.05), while high concentration of IL-24 (100 ng/ml) promoted NSCLC patient-derived monocyte-induced target cell death ( P<0.05). Z-AAD-CMK stimulation suppressed the high concentration of IL-24-mediated elevation of monocyte cytolytic function ( P<0.05). Conclusions:High concentration of IL-24 promoted the cytolytic function of monocytes in NSCLC patients through elevating granzyme B secretion in vitro. However, IL-24 might not influence monocyte function in vivo.