Distal radius fractures (DRFs) are one of the most common injuries in orthopaedics,accounting for up to 20％ of all fractures seen in the emergency room.At present,the optimal treatment of these fractures remains controversial.Although most DRFs can be treated non-operatively,such as immobilized by plaster,splint or brace,surgical management has become more and more popular with people's living standards improved and expecting better functional outcome.Surgical treatments for DRFs include percutaneous fixation with Kirschner wires,skeletal external fixation,open reduction and internal fixation,intramedullary nails,fixation using the mini-invasive approach,arthroscopy,and total wrist arthroplasty.Currently,open reduction with volar plate fixation is the most popular and widely way for DRFs,while a mini-invasive approach is a new reliable and reproducible procedure with few complications.Despite recently surgical treatment has become more and more popular,it is also unclear whether surgical intervention will produce better long-term outcomes.The aim of this paper is to present the studies in the literatures about the treatment for DRFs and an update of existing techniques.

ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine(5-Aza-dC),a methylation inhibitor,on the expression and methylation of tissue factor pathway Inhibitor (TFPI-2) gene in PANC1 cell line of pancreatic cancer.MethodsPANC1 cell lines were treated with different dosages of 5-Aza-dC ( 1× 10-7,5 × 10-7,1× 10 -6 mol/L).The status of TFPI-2 methylafion and expressions of TFPI-2 mRNA and protein were determined by MSP,RT-PCR,and Western blot.Results TFPI-2 gene CpG island was completely methylated,and there was no expression of TFPI-2 mRNA and protein without 5-Aza-dC treatment.After treatment with different dosages of 5-Aza-dC( 1 × 10-7,5 × 10 -7,1 × 10-6 mol/L),TFPI-2 gene CpG hypermethylation was reversed from incomplete methylated to complete non-methylated.The relative expressions of TFPI-2 mRNA were 0.211± 0.087,O.327 ± 0.068,0.609 ± 0.017; and the relative expressions of TFPI-2 protein were O.429 ± O.121,O.675 ± O.044,1.132 ± O.124 in a dose-dependent manner ( P ＜0.05 ).ConclusionsThe hypermethylatien of promoter region may be the primary reason for TFPI-2 gene expression down-rogtdation and inactivation.5-Aza-dC may reverse the hypermethylation of TFPI-2 gene,and induce the m-expression of TFPI-2 mRNA and protein.

Foundations of Oriental Medicine (FOM) is one of the mandatory examinations for the Diplomate of Oriental Medicine (Dipl.OM.), Chinese Herbology (Dipl.CH.), or Acupuncture (Dipl. Ac.) by American National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM). In the light of NCCAOM Certification Handbook, Foundations of Oriental Medicine Expanded Content Outline,and Foundations of Oriental Medicine Study Guide, the authors introduced the examination pattern and examination-related contents including: Clinical diagnostic methods; assessment, analysis, and pattern-differentiation based upon Oriental Medicine theory and treatment principle and strategy.

Objective To provide the reference for schistosomiasis control through analyzing the changes of endemic status of schistosomiasis in China in recent years. Methods The annual data of schistosomiasis prevention and control from 2002 to 2012 were collected, and the descriptive analysis was conducted to describe the changes of schistosomiasis endemic status. Re?sults Sichuan, Yunan and Jiangxi provinces reached the criteria of transmission controlled from 2002 to 2010 while Hubei, Hu?nan, Jiangxi and Anhui provinces reached the criteria of infection controlled in 2008. The number of counties where the trans?mission of schistosomiasis was controlled decreased from 110 in 2002 to 80 in 2010. The numbers of estimated schistosomiasis cases and reported acute cases fell from 810.4 thousands and 913 in 2002 to 325.8 thousands and 43 in 2010, respectively, and they were reduced by 59.79%and 95.40%respectively. The number of infected bovine went down from 23 199 in 2002 to 7 173 in 2010, with a fall of 69.03%. However, the Oncomelania hupensis snails breeding areas kept in 3.7 to 3.8 billion m2 and among which, 125 million m2 areas were newly discovered in non?endemic areas during the nine years. In 2010, 90%of schistosomiasis cases, acute cases, infected bovine, and snail breeding areas were concentrated in 5 provinces, especially in the Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake areas and the regions along the Yangtze River. Conclusions The epidemic of schistosomiasis decreased sig?nificantly from 2002 to 2010. The lake regions are the key and tough areas for schistosomiasis prevention and control. To consoli?date the achievements, the surveillance and case management need to be strengthened as the extension of snail breeding areas and acute cases reported from other places becomes common.

OBJECTIVETo explore effects of Shenqi preparation,Traditional Chinese Medicine, on anti-fatigue and anti-oxidant functions.

METHODSOne hundred and twenty mice were randomly divided into control group and 3 experimental groups. The high, medium and low-dose of Shenqi preparation were given to the 3 experimental groups respectively, while distilled water to the control group for 15 d. The loaded swimming time, the level of lactate, serum urea nitrogen (SUN), muscle and liver glycogen, liver super-oxide dismutase (SOD), the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) were assayed.

RESULTSThe loaded swimming test showed that the exhausted swimming time of 3 experimental groups [(296.0 +/- 25.3)s, (437.0 ĝ 38.9)s, (595.0 +/- 53.9)s respectively] was longer than that of control group [(231.0 +/- 22.5)s, P < 0.05, P < 0.01]. The liver glycogen content of the high and medium-dose experimental groups were higher than that of control group respectively (P < 0.01). The SUN content of each experimental group was less than that of the control group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). Moreover,in the medium and high dose experimental groups, less accumulation of lactate was found (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), and the content of liver SOD and GSH-Px was higher (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The content of liver MDA in high-dose experimental group was less than that of the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONShenqi preparation, especially the high and medium-dose experimental groups, is able to improve exercise tolerance and has anti-fatigue and anti-oxidant effects in mice.

Animals ; Antioxidants ; metabolism ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Fatigue ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Glycogen ; metabolism ; Lactic Acid ; blood ; Liver ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Mice ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

Objective To discuss the method of the surgical treatment for retained and regenerate hepaticolithiasis, and to improve the theraputic level. Methods In recent 5 years,in our hospital,136 cases of retained and regenerate hepaticolithiasis were treated by combination of hepatolobectomy with other operation, and these cases were analyzed retrospectivly. Results One patient died after operation (0. 7%),8 patients had other complications including: biliary fistuta(6 cases, 4.4%), subphrenic abscess (2 cases,1.5%). All cases were visited for 2.5 - 8.3 years, 115 (84.6%) cases had not any symptom, 6 (4.4%)cases had infection of biliary tract, 6(4.4%) cases had retained calculus, 9(6.6%) cases recurred calculus 2 -5 years after operation. Conclusion Retained and regenerate hepaticolithiasis should be treated by combination of hepatolobectomy with other operation and fiber choledochoscope and B ultrasound of operation, which can increase therapeutic effect.

Objective To investigate the spinal stability reconstruction and related complications after total spondylectomy for thoracolumbar tumors. Methods From January 1997 to December 2009, 34 cases with thoracolumbar tumors treated with total spondylectomy, including 20 males and 14 females with an average age of 43 years. The tumors were located in thoracic vertebra in 27 cases and lumbar vertebra in 7, including 6 spinal metastases and 28 primary tumors. The total spondylectomy was piecemeal in 23 cases and en bloc in 11. The reconstruction methods included posterior short-segment fixation in 19 cases, multi-segmental fixation in 13, anterior intervertebral fixation in 2, titanium mesh with auto-bone graft in 20 cases, titanium mesh with bone cement in 7, bone cement filling in 2, auto-bone strut graft in 2, titanium mesh with strengthened rings in 1, artificial vertebral body replacement in 2, posterior massive bone bridging graft in 8 and bone particles graft in 26. Results The mean follow-up time was 43 months. Seven patients died, 5 suffered recurrence. Poor grafted bone fusion was found in 5 cases. The intervertebral sagittal Cobb angle of adjacent vertebra was ??after operation, 9.3?at the end of follow-up or before revision operation. The average lost angle was 14.1?for cases with multi-segmental fixation, and 21.5?with short-segment fixation. Complications included internal fixation broken (5) and loosening (2), titanium mesh subsidence (6) and displacement (3). There were 5 revision surgeries. Conclusion There are relative more complications about spinal stability reconstruction after total spondylectomy. To achieve temporary stiff fixation and long-term fusion, the posterior multi-segment fixation and massive bone bridging graft combined with the anterior artificial vertebral body replacement are effective.

This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China at national level in 2013. By the end of 2013,there are 184 943 schistosomiasis japonica cases. Meanwhile,nine acute cases were reported,and 4 cases reduced compared with that of 2012. A total of 29 796 advanced cases were reported;while 911 cases were determined as advanced cases and 1 700 cases were dead in 2013. Nationally,there were around 365 467.99 hm2 Oncomelania snail infested areas in total and 9.25 hm2 of them habituated infected snails in 2013. There were 287.28 hm2 of snail infested areas found in non?endemic areas historically. Moreover,962 065 cattle were estimated to be raised in endemic regions and 633 cattle were deter?mined as positive by stool examinations. The data showed that the endemicity of schistosomiasis in China decreased further. How?ever,challenges exist to reach the aims of the medium and long term national program. Further control and effective surveillance need to be strengthened as the endemicity of schistosomiasis is unstable in the areas after schistosomiasis transmission under con?trol or interruption.

D-lactonohydrolase is useful in the procedure of resolution of racemic pantolactone to produce D-pantolactone, but the activity and stability under low pH of the wild type enzyme is not satisfactory enough to be applied to industrial production. The expected properties of wild type enzyme were enhanced by directed evolution. According to the formation of products and pH indicators, a screening system was designed. After three sequential error prone PCR and one round DNA shuffling followed by screening, Mut E-861, the best mutant with improved activity and stability under low pH situation was obtained. Gene analysis of the Mut E-861 mutant indicated that the mutant enzyme had A352C, G721A mutations and a silent mutation of position 1038. Moreover, the activity and stability of Mut E-861 were determined. The results showed that the activity of this mutant was 5.5-fold higher than that of wild type, and the stability under low pH was improved at no expense of D-lactonohydrolase activity. After incubated at pH 6.0 and pH 5.0 the activity of D-lactonohydrolase could be retained 75% to 50%, however, compared with 40% to 20% for wild type.
Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; DNA Shuffling ; Directed Molecular Evolution ; Enzyme Stability ; Escherichia coli ; enzymology ; genetics ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Mutant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods ; Protein Engineering ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; enzymology ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo study the activating effect of protein transduction domain (PTD) mediated BCR/ABL protein on T cells from CML patients.

METHODSThe plasmid containing PTD and b3a2 bcr/abl of CML was constructed by genetic engineering and expressed in E. coli. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells from CML patients were stimulated in vitro with purified PTD-BCR/ABL protein and the expression of the early activation antigen CD(69) on CD(8)(+) and CD(4)(+) T cells was detected by flow cytometry (FCM).

RESULTSThe optimal concentration of PTD-BCR/ABL protein for activating CD(8)(+) T cells in vitro was 100 micro g/ml, CD(69) expression peaked in three days stimulation. CD(8)(+) T cells were activated in 10 of 15 CML patients, the expression rate of CD(69) was (15.01 +/- 3.75)%. CD(4)(+) T cells were activated in 4 of 15 patients, the expression rate of CD(69) was (10.32 +/- 3.08)%. Both CD(8)(+) and CD(4)(+) T cells were activated simultaneously in 3 of them. However, neither CD(4)(+) nor CD(8)(+) T cells was activated by stimulation with BCR/ABL protein in all 15 specimens, the expression rate of CD(69) on CD(8)(+) and CD(4)(+) T cells was (1.36 +/- 0.31)% and (1.41 +/- 0.43)%, respectively. There was no difference compared with that of PBS control group (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONBy using a PTD-mediated antigen delivering system, exogenous BCR/ABL protein can be delivered into APC, processed and presented onto surface of APC to activate Ag-specific CD(8)(+) and CD(4)(+) T cells in vitro.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Antigens, CD ; analysis ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte ; analysis ; CD4 Antigens ; analysis ; CD8 Antigens ; analysis ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Flow Cytometry ; Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Products, tat ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lectins, C-Type ; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; immunology ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; T-Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; immunology