Objective To explore the early predictive factors of intestinal necrosis in patients with acute superior mesenteric arterial occlusive disease and its significance for the decision of exploratory laparotomy.Methods This retrospective study enrolled 29 patients diagnosed with acute superior mesenteric artery embolism or thrombosis in Peking University People's Hospital between July 1995 and June 2015.Results 12 patients developed intestinal necrosis.Patients with intestinal necrosis had a poorer prognosis than those who did not develop intestinal necrosis (x2 =14.867,P =0.000).In univariate analysis,the early predictive factors for intestinal necrosis were D-Dimer ≥ 600 μg/L (x2 =11.455,P =0.002),INR≥1.2 (x2 =3.948,P =0.047),pH values ＜7.4 (x2 =8.191,P =0.004),BE ＜ -1.0 mmol/L (x2 =8.191,P =0.004),blood lactate ≥ 2.2 mmol/L(x2 =7.535,P =0.006),BUN ≥ 6 mmol/L (x2 =10.076,P =0.002),CK ≥ 80 U/L (x2 =8.191,P =0.004),LDH ≥ 210 U/L (x2 =13.079,P=0.000),AST ≥25 U/L (x2 =10.076,P =0.002),SIRS (x2 =10.076,P =0.002).Multivariate logistic regression analysis found no independent predictive factors of intestinal necrosis in patients with acute superior mesenteric arterial occlusive diseases.Conclusion Intestinal necrosis in acute mesenteric arterial occlusive diseases indicates a poor prognosis.Coagulation abnormalities,liver or kidney dysfunction,metabolic acidosis and SIRS necessitates an immediate exploration.

Objective:To analyze the effects of essential medicine system on revenue structures at primary med-ical institutions. Methods:Data on revenue status and structures from 58 township health centers in Shanxi Province was collected to analyze changes and trends. Results:Along with growing government investments in primary medical institutions, the essential medicine system has fundamentally realized full coverage. The percentage of essential medi-cine revenue to pharmaceutical revenue rose from 20 . 45% in 2009 to 97 . 03% in 2013 , though the percentage of pharmaceutical revenue to total revenue dropped by 18 . 43%. The percentage of fiscal subsidy revenue in total reve-nue rose from 25 . 77% in 2009 to 54 . 16% in 2013 , though the percentage of business revenue to total revenue dropped in general. Conclusions:The essential medicine system requires the government’s financial support. Essen-tial medicine lists and primary financial aid policies should be further improved;doctor reimbursement and incentive mechanisms should be improved as well and unreasonable doctor service pricing and reimbursement mechanisms should be reformed.

To observe the protective effect and mechanism of Sailuotong capsule in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. The 90 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reperfusion model was established. The expressions of dynamin-related protein 1 ( Drp1) and optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) were tested by Western blot. The transmission electron microscope was used to observe the changes in the mitochondrial ultra-structure. The pathological morphological changes were observed through the HE staining. The immunohistochemical method was used to test Drp1 and Opa1 expressions. Sailuotong capsule (33, 16.5 mg x kg(-1), ig) can inhibit the abnormal mitochondrial fission and fusion in the cortical area on the ischemia side and the mitochondrial fission gene expression and promote the mitochondrial fusion gene Opa1 expression, so as to alleviate the energy metabolism disorder caused by ischemia/reperfusion. Sailuotong capsule can inhibit the abnormal mitochondrial dynamics in peri-ischemic regions and maintain the normal morphology of mitochondria, which may be the mechanism of Sailuotong capsule in promoting the self-recovery function in the ischemic brain region.
Animals ; Brain ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Brain Ischemia ; drug therapy ; genetics ; metabolism ; surgery ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; Dynamins ; genetics ; metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Mitochondria ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Rats

The excipient processing is an essential part of traditional Chinese medicine processing, and understanding its scientific connotations is a critical scientific issue that urgently needs resolution. Building upon a foundation where the composition of traditional Chinese medicine substances is fundamentally clear, this paper applies the techniques and methods of chemoinformatics to the study of the excipient processing mechanism. Relevant information on traditional Chinese medicines processed with four kinds of excipients (wine, vinegar, salt and honey) was collected, including properties, taste, meridian tropism, chemical components, etc. Molecular descritors and skeletons corresponding to each chemical component were calculated using chemoinformatics to characterize the properties and structural features of the components. Characteristic components associated with the four excipients (wine, vinegar, salt and honey) were explored through multivariate statistical analysis and Murcko skeleton analysis. Further analysis, taking honey-processed Astragali Radix as an example, the focus was on the impact of the processing excipient honey on the solubility and permeability of its characteristic pharmacologically active components (isoflavones). It was discovered that the excipient honey can increase their solubility and permeability, emphasizing that the impact of processing excipients on the pharmacological classification properties is a key breakthrough in elucidating the mechanism of excipient processing. In summary, this study analyzed the characteristic components associated with the processing excipients "wine, vinegar, salt and honey" based on their composition characteristics, providing data support for the research on the mechanism of excipient processing from a biopharmaceutical perspective.

A large amount of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is required for fatty acid synthesis and maintenance of the redox state in cancer cells. Malic enzyme 1(ME1)-dependent NADPH production is one of the three pathways that contribute to the formation of the cytosolic NADPH pool. ME1 is generally considered to be overexpressed in cancer cells to meet the high demand for increased de novo fatty acid synthesis. In the present study, we found that glucose induced higher ME1 activity and that repressing ME1 had a profound impact on glucose metabolism of nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC) cells. High incorporation of glucose and an enhancement of the pentose phosphate pathway were observed in ME1-repressed cells. However, there were no obvious changes in the other two pathways for glucose metabolism: glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Interestingly, NADPH was decreased under low-glucose condition in ME1-repressed cells relative to wild-type cells, whereas no significant difference was observed under high-glucose condition. ME1-repressed cells had significantly decreased tolerance to low-glucose condition. Moreover, NADPH produced by ME1 was not only important for fatty acid synthesis but also essential for maintenance of the intracellular redox state and the protection of cells from oxidative stress. Furthermore, diminished migration and invasion were observed in ME1-repressed cells due to a reduced level of Snail protein. Collectively, these results suggest an essential role for ME1 in the production of cytosolic NADPH and maintenance of migratory and invasive abilities of NPC cells.
Carcinoma ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Movement ; Cell Survival ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Glycolysis ; Humans ; Malate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; NADP ; metabolism ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Pentose Phosphate Pathway ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo validate the hypothesis that the phenotypic transformation occurs in the smooth muscle cells in the corpus cavernosum of hypertensive rat and explore its impact on the erectile function of rats.

METHODSEighteen 16-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and 10 syngeneic normotensive rats (WKY) were used in this experiment. After measurement of systolic blood pressure of the caudal artery and examination of the erectile function with subcutaneous injection of apomorphine (APO), the rats were divided into 3 groups, namely hypertensive with erectile dysfunction (HBP-ED) group (n=6), hypertensive (HBP) group (n=12) and control group (n=10). Immunohistochemical staining and color image analysis system were used to observe expression of calponin 1 and osteopontin (OPN) in rat corpus cavernosum. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the expression of calponin 1 and OPN mRNAs in different groups.

RESULTSThe expressions of calponin 1 protein and mRNA were the highest in the control group and the lowest in HBP-ED group, while the expressions of OPN protein and mRNA were the highest in HBP-ED group and the lowest in the control group.

CONCLUSIONThe smooth muscle cells may transform from the contractile phenotype into synthetic phenotype in the corpus cavernosum of the hypertensive rats, resulting ultimately in erectile dysfunction.

Animals ; Calcium-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Erectile Dysfunction ; etiology ; pathology ; Hypertension ; complications ; pathology ; Male ; Microfilament Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle ; pathology ; Osteopontin ; genetics ; metabolism ; Penis ; pathology ; Phenotype ; RNA, Messenger ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR

In order to investigate the relationship between gut microbiota and type 2 diabetic erectile dysfunction (T2DED),we analyzed the characteristics of gut microbiota in the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with T2DED.Thirty-five SD rats were randomly divided into two groups:control group (n=15)with normal diet,and experimental group (n=20) with construction of T2D model.Faecal and serum samples were collected at 2nd and 8th week after establishment of T2D model,respectively.Faecal samples were used for analysis of gut microbiota,and serum samples for detection of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO),lipopolysaccharide (LPS),and inflammatory factors like interleukin-1 (IL-1),IL-2,IL-10,and monocyte chemoattractantprotein-1 (MCP-1).The main compositions of gut microbiota were Bacteroidetes,Proteobacteria and Firmicutes at the phylum level,and Oscillospira,Allobaculum,Bacteroides,Ruminococcus,SMB53,Prevotella,Coprococcus,Sutterella and Blautia at the genus level with relatively higher abundance in all SD rats.The relative abundance of Enterococcus,Corynebacterium,Aerococcus,Facklamia (opportunistic pathogens in most case) increased,and that ofAllobaculum,Bifidobacterium,Eubacterium,Anaerotruncus (beneficial bacteria) decreased in T2DED group as compared with that at 2nd week after establishment of T2D model (T2D2 group).The serum contents of TMAO,LPS,IL-1,IL-2,IL-10 and MCP-1 in T2DED group were significantly higher than those in control group.The gut microbiota of T2DED rats was inhibited.The gut microbiota of T2DED rats had changed,as the relative abundance of beneficial bacterium was decreased while that of opportunistic pathogens was increased.The variations of gut microbiota might lead to inflammation and prompt the emergence of erectile dysfunction in the rats with T2D.TMAO might play an important role in the formation of T2DED.

OBJECTIVETo determine the effect of neostigmine on antagonizing atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockage with sulfate magnesium pretreatment.

METHODSForty patients who undertook elective gynecologic laparoscopic examinations and treatments under general anesthesia were randomized into four groups (group A, B, C, and D, group A paired with group C, and group B paired with group D). Before induction of general anesthesia, patients in group A and group C received MgSO4 30 mg/kg in saline intravenously within 5 min, while patients in group B and group D received the same volume of saline. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl and propofol; subsequently tracheal intubation was performed with 0.5 mg/kg atracurium after stabilization of the electromyography recording, and neostigmine (0.02 mg/kg) and atropine (0.01 mg/kg) were infused in group C and group D when neuromuscular recovery (T1/T(C)) reached 10%. T1/T(C) changes after neostigmine infusion as well as haemodynamic changes and other responses during induction and neostigmine and atropine infusion were recorded.

RESULTSThe neuromuscular recovery speed had no significant difference between group A and group B after the neuromuscular recovery reached 10%, but it was lower in group C than in group D (P < 0.05). Significant difference existed between group AC and group BD (P < 0.05). No haemodynamic changes and other responses were found during induction and neostigmine and atropine infusion.

CONCLUSIONNeostigmine-induced neuromuscular recovery can be attenuated in patients pretreated with magnesium sulfate.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Anesthesia, General ; Atracurium ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Magnesium Sulfate ; pharmacology ; Middle Aged ; Neostigmine ; pharmacology ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents ; antagonists & inhibitors

beta-CIT was labeled with 131I by the peracetic acid method. Cat model of Parkinsonism was set up with MPTP. Each of normal and PD model cats was given an injection of 74 MBq/0.5 ml 131I-beta-CIT into the femur vein. Then the blood samples were obtained at 4 h and 20 h, the radioactivity was counted with calibrator. The biodistribution data of 131I-beta-CIT in cat body was calculated (ID%/g). The cats were subjected to imaging at 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 20 h after the administration of radiopharmaceutical. The radioactivity in striatum and cerebellum was measured and striatal specific binding ratios were calculated. The Results showed that the radio chemical purity of 131I-beta-CIT was 97.62% +/- 0.31%. The 131I-beta-CIT remained stable for at least 4 h after incubation with water and serum respectively. Following intravenous administration in cats, 131I-beta-CIT showed high accumulation in striatum. The study of imaging in cats showed that striatal specific uptake of 131I-beta-CIT at 20 h after injection was 4.83 +/- 0.82 in normal cats and 2.92 +/- 0.66 in PD cats. There was a significant reduction of striatal tracer uptake in PD cats, compared to the controls. The results of biodistribution study was in agreement with the results of imaging study. These results suggest that beta-CIT is an ideal agent for dopamine transporter imaging and can be used for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.
Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; Cats ; Cocaine ; analogs & derivatives ; metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Female ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; metabolism ; Parkinson Disease ; diagnostic imaging ; metabolism ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of pioglitazone on transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) expression in ischemia/reperfusion injury myocardium of rats.

METHODSThirty SD rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6): ischemia/reperfusion group, pioglitazone 5 mg/(kg x d) group, pioglitazone 10 mg/(kg x d) group, pioglitazone 20 mg/(kg x d) group and pioglitazone 20 mg/(kg x d) + peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) specific antagonist GW9662 group. Left anterior descending coronary artery of rats were ligated for 30 min and reperfused for 120 min to establish the model of ischemia/reperfusion in vivo. RT-PCR was performed to detect the expression of TGFbeta1 mRNA. Western blot was performed to detect the expression of TGFbeta1 protein.

RESULTSMyocardial apoptosis was significantly suppressed by pioglitazone. Pioglitazone upregulated TGFPbeta1 expression both in mRNA and protein level. GW9662 reversed the inhibition of myocardial apoptosis and the upregulation of TGFbeta1 expression by pioglitazone.

CONCLUSIONPioglitazone can inhibit the myocardial apoptosis induced by ischemia/reperfusion. Pioglitazone may protect the myocardium from ischemia/reperfusion via upregulation of TGFbeta1. This protection may be mediated by PPARgamma.

Anilides ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Male ; Myocardial Reperfusion Injury ; metabolism ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; PPAR gamma ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Thiazolidinediones ; pharmacology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism