Electromyographic responses of the clavotrapezius and extraocular horizontal rectus muscles to the stimulations of the anterior semicircular canal nerves were observed to expore the funtional relationships between the canals and these canals muscles 1. The clavotrapezius muscle was inhibited stimulating the ipsilateral anterior canal nerve and excited by stimulating the contralateral anterior canal nerve. These responses were reversed by stimulating of the functionally paired posterior canal nerves. 2. During the clavotrapezius muscle responded to a prolonged stimulation of the ipsilateral anterior canal nerve, a superimposed stimulation of the contralateral anterior canal nerve reversed the initial response. 3. The medial rectus muscle was excited and the lateral rectus muscle was Inhibition by simulating the ipsilateral anterior canal nerve, and these responses were reversed by stimulating the contralateral canal nerve. Based on these results, it is concluded showing the functional connections between the receptor canals anti the effector muscles for the vestibuloocular and vestibulocollic reflexes, that the excitatory neural pathways from the vestibular nucleus to the cervical and ocular motoneurons are crossed to the opposite side, whereas the inhibitory from the nucleus to these axial motoneurons are uncrossed.
Animals ; Cats* ; Muscles* ; Neural Pathways ; Reflex* ; Semicircular Canals*

In unanesthetized rabbits, alcohol, glyserin, or heavy water was injected intravenously and nystagmic reaction elicited by passive alteration of body position was recorded by means of nystagmography, and the specific direction of the nystagmus was also observed. The following results were obtained 1. After Injection of alcohol (2.5~3.5ml/kg), right sloe down or lelf side down position elicited nystagmus in both eyes (FAN I) Right sloe down position elicited supero-dorsal nystagmus in the ipsilateral eye anti Infero-central nystagmus In the contralateral eye Left side down position produced nystagmus towards reversed directions 2. Returning to neutral position from one sloe down also elicited nystagmus towards the same direction. 3 From 5~6 hours after Injection of alcohol, the direction of the positional nystagmus was reversed, manifesting phase II of the PAN (PANII) 4. Injection of glycerin (2.0~3.0ml/kg) or heavy water (2.0~25ml/kg) also elicited positional nystagmus. The direction of the nystagmus was the same as and opposite to that Induced by alcohol Injection
Deuterium Oxide* ; Glycerol* ; Nystagmus, Physiologic* ; Rabbits

Purpose: Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is emerging as a valuable non-invasive tool to identify tumor heterogeneity and tumor burden. This study investigated ctDNA dynamics in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with regorafenib. Materials and Methods: In this prospective biomarker study, plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) samples obtained at baseline, at the first response evaluation after 2 cycles of treatment, and at the time of progressive disease were sequenced using a targeted next-generation sequencing platform which included 106 genes. Results: A total of 285 blood samples from 110 patients were analyzed. Higher baseline cfDNA concentration was associated with worse progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). After 2 cycles of treatment, variant allele frequency (VAF) in the majority of ctDNA mutations decreased with a mean relative change of –31.6%. Decreases in the VAF of TP53, APC, TCF7L2, and ROS1 after 2 cycles of regorafenib were associated with longer PFS. We used the sum of VAF at each time point as a surrogate for the overall ctDNA burden. A reduction in sum (VAF) of ≥ 50% after 2 cycles was associated with longer PFS (6.1 vs. 2.7 months, p=0.002), OS (11.3 vs. 5.9 months, p=0.001), and higher disease control rate (86.3% vs. 51.1%, p < 0.001). VAF of the majority of the ctDNA mutations increased at the time of disease progression, and VAF of BRAF increased markedly. Conclusion Reduction in ctDNA burden as estimated by sum (VAF) could be used to predict treatment outcome of regorafenib.