AIM To compare the protective effects of norepinephrine preconditioning(NEPC)and ischemic preconditioning(IPC)on myocardial ischemic/reperfused injury in rats in vivo . METHODS Rats were divided into control, ischemia/ reperfusion, classic IPC and NEPC groups. After 20 min reperfusion, several indexes including cardiac function indexes, MDA were tested, the myocardial ultrastr ucture and the injury reaction of catalase observed. RESULTS Both IPC and NEPC could protect myocardial ultra structure, ameliorate left heart function, decrease cardiac MDA content and protect the activity of catalase. CONCLUSION Extra micro norepinephrine preconditioning as a non injury method can mimic the protective effects of classic IPC and shows its clinical values.

Objective To understand the current situation of health education contents as well as the differences in their requirements between clinical medical students and clinicians,and to provide reference for the optimization of health education curricula for medical students.Methods A stratified sampling method was adopted to select 511 medical students (303 females and 208 males) from a medical university,and the survey results of 436 clinicians (144 females and 292 males) were taken as reference.Differences in the degrees of need between clinical medical students and clinicians were compared by chi-square tests.Results There were statistical differences in needs between clinical medical students and clinicians regarding drug compliance,smoking cessation intervention,balanced diet,application of Chinese traditional rehabilitation medicine,mobile health technology education,exercise rehabilitation guidance,and theory of health promotion (P＜0.01).With regard to drug compliance,smoking cessation intervention,and exercise rehabilitation guidance,the proportions of clinical medical students' needs were just 87.1％,82.2％,and 81.2％,respectively,but for clinicians the proportions reached up to 96.3％,93.8％,and 92.8％,respectively.Whereas,there were no statistical differences for mental stress management,chronic infectious disease health education,and acute infectious disease health education (P＞0.05).Conclusion There is still a big gap between medical students and clinical doctors when it comes to the knowledge of chronic disease management and healthy lifestyles;clinical medical students have not yet realized the importance of such knowledge and skills.Therefore,the strengthening of course construction for clinical medical students is suggested.

Objective: To investigate smoking cessation behaviors and factors influencing it among adult community smokers in Beijing. Methods: This was a cross-sectional epidemiological study. A questionnaire survey was administered among community smokers over 18 years old, in which information on basic demographics, tobacco use, attempts to quit smoking, tobacco-related awareness, and environmental assessment of smoking cessation support were collected. Descriptive analysis was conducted on the basic information, smoking situation, and demand for smoking cessation intervention of the respondents. Two tests were used to examine the quitting attempts of respondents. Tobacco attempts was found to be correlated with socio-demographic indicators, and factors such as tobacco use, awareness of tobacco-related issues, and the smoking cessation support environment. Dual logistic regression was used to further explore the dependence of identified factors and attempted smoking cessation behavior. Results: A total of 449 respondents were enrolled in this study, 410 of them were men (91.3%). Among the respondents, 272 people (60.6%) had tried to quit smoking and 177 people (39.4%) did not try to quit smoking. Monthly income level, tobacco-related awareness, degree of surrounding people supporting smoking cessation, whether medical treatment was sought in the previous year, number of visits, whether to persuade medical staff to quit smoking in the past year, and whether smoking was given up in the past year were the identified factors. These seven factors, such as whether they have been asked about smoking, are the influencing factors in trying to quit smoking（P<0.05）. Under the logistic regression model, monthly income level (OR=1.271, 95%CI:1.081-1.493), the support of people around them to quit smoking (OR=1.251, 95%CI:1.035-1.512), and the suggestion of medical personnel in the past year (OR=2.382, 95%CI: 1.054-5.381) were found to encourage attempts to quit smoking. Conclusion Factors such as health status, environmental support, hazard perception, and economic level influence attempts to quit smoking. Lack of self-determination and other people's influence are the main reasons for failing to quit smoking. Taking community places as the basic unit of intervention combined with professional guidance of smoking cessation clinic doctors and forming an online comprehensive linkage smoking cessation hospital community intervention model is an innovative way to optimize the management of tobacco dependence.