Objective To identify the association between antenatal exposure to magnesium was conducted on 93 preterm infants with PDA and 93 cases of matched controls without PDA hospitalized in our neonatal intensive care unit between January 2008 and December 2009. Information on antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate, neonatal birth weight and other perinatal factors was collected and analyzed with univariate analysis, multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results There were 51 preterm infants exposed to magnesium sulfate antenatally in PDA group and 34 infants in controls. The median (P25-P75) level of neonatal serum magnesium in PDA cases was 0.98 mmol/L (0. 92-1.32 mmol/L),significantly higher than that in controls [0. 90 mmol/L(0. 82-1.09) mmol/L](Z = 3.56, P=0.00). Logistic regression analysis showed that PDA in preterm infants was significantly associated with antenatal magnesium sulfate exposure(OR= 2. 646,95 %CI: 1. 356-5. 163,P=0.004), fetal distress (OR=7. 189, 95% CI:1. 209-42. 756, P=0. 030), neonatal birth weight (OR = 1. 842,95 % CI:1. 087-3. 438, P = 0. 049 ), respiratory failure (OR = 3. 499,95 % CI:1. 256-9. 752, P=0. 017)and postnatal oxygen inhalation (OR=0. 482,95% CI:0. 233-0. 999, P=0. 045).Also, a significant positive correlation was found between PDA and the dose of magnesium sulfate and the concentrations of serum magnesium in preterm infants (x2trend =7. 41, P=0.007; x2trend = 12. 13, P=0.000).Conclusions Antenatal exposure to magnesium sulfate might increase the risk of PDA in preterm infants.

Objective To evaluate the benefits of fluconazole prophylaxis in preventing fungal infection in high risk premature infants using broad-spectrum antibiotics consecutively more than 10 days. Methods From October 2007 to September 2009, 164 preterm infants in high risk of fungal infection using broad-spectrum antibiotics consecutively more than 10 days were eligible for the study. Eighty-five infants,hospitalized from October 2008 to September 2009, were in the fluconazole group and were administered intravenously 3 mg/kg fluconazole every day for three days since the 11th day of antibiotic course. The other 79 infants, hospitalized from October 2007 to September 2008, were in the control group with no fluconazole administration. Fungal infection and colonizations and common complications were observed in the two groups. Results Fungal infection occured in six infants in the control group and none in the fluconazole group(χ2 = 4. 719,P = 0.03). There were no significant differences between the two groups in fungal colonization(χ2 =0. 175,P = 0. 675). No adverse effects of fluconazole therapy were documented. Conclusions Fluconazole prophylaxis may reduce the risk for fungal infection in high risk preterm infants.

Patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) is a common condition in the premature infants. It is associated with an increase in mortality and sequelae in these infants. The various factors contributing to an patency of the ductus arteriosus in the preterm infants are involved in: insufficient histological development of ductus arteriosus, failure of remodeling theductus, abnormal sensitivity of the ductus to oxygen and vasoactive substances,and genes.

Objective To determine the relationship between the levels of serum cortisol and patent conducted.Thirty-eight pairs of preterm infants were selected from January 1 to December 31 in 2009.Thirty-eight preterm infants developed PDA.And we also selected 38 non-PDA preterm infants as the controls,who had the corresponding gestational age,same exposure to antenatal steroid and sameechocardiography examination time.The serum cortisol concentrations of these infants were measured twice by chemiluminesence immunoassay.All data were analyzed via SPSS 13.0.Results No significant difference was found between PDA and control groups in demographic characteristics and influence factors for serum cortisol.The first mean level of serum cortisol in PDA group was (261.9± 229.6) nmol/L,significantly lower than that in control group [(379.8 ± 236.3) nmol/L] (t = 2.20,P = 0.03).Logisticregression analysis showed low serum cortisol concentrations at birth was risk factor for PDA in preterm infants(OR = 0.916,95% CI:0.854-0.983,P = 0.015).The second adjusted mean levels (95 % CI) of serum cortisol in PDA and control groups were 300.0 nmol/L(232.4-367.4 nmol/L) and 263.6 nmol/L (196.2-331.2 nmol/L),respectively.There was no significant difference between the two groups (t=0.537,P=0.466).Conclusions Low serum cortisol concentrations at birth is a risk factor for PDA in preterm infants,while the serum cortisol value may be not affected by PDA.

Objective To test the influence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in down-regulating the IL-8 production in Caco-2 cells induced by TNF-?. Methods Caco-2 cells were treated with living LGG (1?106 CFU/L) with or without the presence of TNF-? in the culture media. The production of IL-8 was measured by quantitative ELISA. Results TNF-? significantly increased IL-8 secretion by Caco-2 cells at 24 h and 48 h of incubation as compared with the control group (5.33 ng/mg vs 7.36 ng/mg, 15.69 ng/mg vs 32.29 ng/mg, P

Objective To study the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein(CRP) in umbilical cord serum of the newborns with premature rupture of membrane(PROM)and to explore the value of IL-6 and CRP in the diagnosis of early onset neonatal sepsis (EONS).Method A total of 187 term newborns with PROM ＞ 12 h who were born normal vaginally in our Hospital from April 2015 to December 2015 were enrolled in this study as the PROM group and another 50 term infants without PROM and infection as the control group.The levels of IL-6 and CRP in umbilical cord serum were quantified by ELISA,the results of which were compared between groups.Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were drawn to find out the cut-off value of IL-6 and CRP for the diagnosis of EONS.Result The levels of IL-6 and CRP in umbilical cord serum in the PROM group were significantly higher than those in the control group [IL-6 20.3 (9.5,35.8) pg/ml vs.9.3 (6.9,27.5) pg/ml,CRP 0.42 (0.25,0.78) mg/L vs.0.33 (0.18,0.45) mg/L,P ＜ 0.05].The levels of IL-6 and CRP in the newborns whose mother had chorioamnionitis were significantly higher than those in the newborns whose mother was without chorioamnionitis [IL-6 62.5 (35.2,92.7) pg/ml vs.10.8 (9.3,33.4) pg/ml,CRP 0.86 (0.44,1.95) mg/L vs.0.35 (0.20,0.62) mg/L,P ＜0.05].The levels of IL-6 and CRP in the infants with PROM≥18 h was significantly higher than those in the infants with PROM ＜ 18 h [IL-6 32.1 (9.9,42.2) pg/ml vs.10.7 (9.2,32.6) pg/ml,CRP 0.44(0.29,0.86) mg/L vs.0.35 (0.23,0.61) mg/L,P ＜ 0.05].The levels of IL-6 and CRP in the neonates with EONS was significantly higher than those in the neonates without EONS [IL-6 92.0 (58.3,161.0) pg/ml vs.20.0(9.4,35.2)pg/ml,CRP 1.94(0.47,2.73) mg/L vs.0.38(0.24,0.67) mg/L,P ＜ 0.05].ROC curve analysis showed that the cut-off value of IL-6 and CRP for the diagnosis of EONS were 81.lpg/ml (sensitivity 76.5％,specificity 90.6％) and 1.88mg/L (sensitivity 64.7％,specificity 89.4％).With the combination of IL-6 and CRP levels,the sensitivity was 88.2％ and the specificity was 84.1％ for the diagnosis of EONS.Conclusion To measure the IL-6 and CRP levels in umbilical cord serum is helpful for the early diagnosis of EONS,and the combined detection of the 2 items may improve the sensitivity of diagnosis.

Objective To identify the risk factors for nosocomial sepsis in preterm infants.Methods A case-control study (1 ∶ 2) was conducted in 81 preterm infants with nosocomial sepsis and 162 preterm infants without nosocomial sepsis as age-matched controls (admission time was the most closely) hospitalized in Fujian Maternity and Children Hospital from January 1,2007 to December 31,2011.Data of preterm infants including maternal,delivery and neonatal records were collected.Risk factors for nosocomial sepsis were analyzed using t test,x2 test and multivariate Logistic regression.Results Nosocomial sepsis occurred in 81 preterm infants with an incidence rate of 1.50％ (81/5 392).Univariate analysis showed that the gestational age [(31.8 ±2.4)vs(33.8 ± 1.8)weeks,t=-7.260,P＜0.01] and birth weight [(1 545± 349) vs (2 174±465) g,t=-10.750,P＜0.01] of neonates with nosocomial sepsis were lower than those in the controls.Compared with the controls,the neonates with nosocomial sepsis had higher incidence of small for gestational age [27.2％ (22/81) vs 11.7％ (19/162)],multiple birth [35.8％ (29/81) vs 21.6％ (35/162)],neonatal asphyxia [19.8％(16/81)vs 8.6％(14/162)],admission to neonatal intensive care unit [81.5％(66/81) vs 49.4％ (80/162)],incubator usage [87.7％ (71/81) vs 29.0％ (47/162)],intracranial hemorrhage [27.2％ (22/81)vs 14.2％ (23/162)],noninvasive ventilation [35.8％ (29/81)vs 14.8％ (24/162)],feeding intolerance [64.2％ (52/81) vs 17.9％ (29/162)],using probiotics [65.4％ (53/81) vs 37.0％ (60/162)],duration of parenteral nutrition ＞7 days [77.8％ (63/81) vs 16.0％ (26/162)],combined administration of antibiotics [61.7％(50/81) vs 43.8％(71/162)],duration of antibiotics administration ＞7 days [65.4％(53/81) vs 9.3％ (15/162)],intravenous immunoglobulin [76.5％ (62/81) vs 46.9％ (76/162)] and central vena catheterization [16.0％ (13/81) vs 1.2％ (2/162)] (all P＜0.05).The Logistic regression analysis showed that low birth weight (OR=2.087,95％CI:1.074 4.057),duration of parenteral nutrition ＞7 days (OR=3.075,95％CI:1.158 8.164),feeding intolerance (OR-4.328,95％CI:1.776-10.544) and duration of antibiotic administration ＞7 days (OR=18.443,95％CI:5.084-66.913) were independent risk factors for nosocomial sepsis in preterm infants (all P＜0.05).Conclusions Preterm infants with low birth weight,long duration of parenteral nutrition,long-term antibiotic treatment and feeding intolerance have high risk for nosocomial sepsis.

Objective To compare the efficacy and safety of oral ibuprofen and indomethacin for the closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants and investigate the factors affecting the effect of indomethacin.Methods Two hundred and four preterm infants with symptomatic PDA were enrolled in this retrospective study.They were divided into two groups accroding to the admission date.From Jan.1,2007 to Dec.30,2009,44 infants orally administered ibuprofen (one course:first dose was 10 mg/kg,followed by two doses of 5 mg/kg at 24 h intervals) were as ibuprofen group.From Dec.31,2009 to Jan.31,2011,160 infants orally administered indomethacin (one course:0.2 mg/kg,at 12 h and 24 h intervals for three times) were as indomethacin group.Chisquare test,t test and rank sum test were used to compare the rate of ductal closure,side effects and complications of two groups.Influence factors of indomethacin therapy were analyzed with Logistic regression.Results There were no differences of overall ductal closure rate [77.3％ (34/44) vs 70.6％ (113/160),x2 =0.757,P＞0.05],one course therapy [68.2％ (30/44) vs 63.8％(102/160),x2=0.297,P＞0.05] and two courses therapy closure rate [9.1％ (4/44) vs 6.9％(11/160),x2 =0.030,P＞0.05] between i buprofen group and indomethacin group.The incidences of oliguria [＜1 ml/(kg ? h)] and high serum creatinine (＞88 μmol/L) of indomethacin group were higher than those in ibuprofen group [21.3％ (34/160) vs 6.8％ (3/44),x2=4.841,P=0.028;26.9％ (43/160) vs 9.1％ (4/44),x2=6.156,P=0.013].Logistic regression analysis showed that small gestational age (OR=2.563,95％CI:1.099-5.976,P=0.029),neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (OR=2.407,95％CI:1.023-5.664,P=0.044)and septicemia (OR=4.575,95％CI:1.782-26.768,P=0.009) were unfavorable factors for ductal closure in preterm infants underwent indomcthacin therapy,while antenatal steroid (OR=0.530,95％CI:0.312-0.901,P=0.018) was a favorable factor.Conclusions Oral ibuprofen have the same effects as indomethacin on PDA treatment in preterm infants,but with fewer side effects on renal function in terms of urine output and serum creatinine level.Some factors such as septicemia may affect the theraputic effects.

Objective To investigate the effect of patent ductus arteriosus(PDA)on myocardial injury of premature infants.Methods From May 1,2010 to January 31,2011,110 preterm infants with gestational age from 28 to 36 weeks accepted echocardiography examination,and their blood samples were collected to determine cardiac troponin T(cTnT)and creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB)levels 72 h and 3 d after deliveries.All subjects were divided into two groups according to the echocardiogram results:PDA group(n=44)and control group(n=66).The infants with PDA were treated with ibuprofen,and then echocardiography was taken again.cTnT and CK-MB were re-measured in both groups.Chi-square test,t-test,multi-variate linear regression and Spearman rank correlation test were perfomed for statistical analysis.Results Before treatment,cTnT[(0.259±0.134)μg/L]and CK-MB[(7.31± 2.69)μg/L]level of PDA group were significantly higher than those[(0.083±0.054)μg/L and(5.71±1.88)μg/L]of control group(t=9.557 and 2.588,P＜0.01 and ＜0.05,respectively).For 34 infants with successful treatment,cTnT and CK-MB levels decreased markedly to(0.062 ± 0.039)μg/L and(5.34 ± 1.50)μg/L,respectively(t =9.268 and 5.974,all P＜0.05),compared with those levels before treatment.For the ten infants failed to close ductus,the cTnT and CK-MB levels[(0.193±0.049)μg/L and(6.93±1.63)μg/L,respectively],were lower than those before treatment(t=1.525 and 0.766,all P＞0.05),while higher than those of the control group(t=9.068 and 4.055,P＜0.05).Level of cTnT positively related to the duration of ventilation,PDA and respiratory distress syndrome,while did not relate to gender,gestational age and birth weight.CK-MB level was associated to gender,gestational age,birth weight,duration of ventilatory support and PDA.In PDA group,the cTnT level was positively related to the diameter of the ductus,but not related to any indicators in echocardiography.Conclusions Symptomatic PDA could cause myocardial injury in preterm infants.The changes of blood cTnT and CK-MB were consistent with the severity of PDA.Serial measurements of blood cTnT and CK-MB might help to make early diagnosis and treatment for premature infants with PDA and myocardial injury.

Objective To investigate the treatment of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in very low birth weight preterm infants. Methods From January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010, 78 very low birth weight preterm infants (birth weight＜1500 g) were diagnosed as symptomatic PDA. Among which, 42 cases administered orally with indomethacin (0.2 mg/kg, every 12 hrs for three times) were taken as treatment group, while five cases in this group who failed to indomethacin treatment were interrupted with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. And 36 cases who did not receive treatment for ductus arteriosus were taken as control group. The clinical outcomes, complications and prognosis of these patients were observed. Results There were no significant differences between the gentle percentage, gestational age, diameter of ductus arteriosus, rate of complicated with heart failure, sepsis, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and intraventricular hemorrhage of two groups (P>0.05, respectively). The ductus arteriosus closed in 33 patients of treatment group (78.6%) and in nine patients of control group (25.0%)(χ2=22.39,P=0.000). There were no significant differences in serum creatinine level and platelet count between before and after the treatment in treatment group(P>0.05). Compared with control group, the treatment group had lower incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage (z=1.167, P=0.030), shorter duration of oxygen therapy [(8.0±5.5) d vs (13.3±9.3) d, t=2.225, P=0.032] and shorter hospital stay [(39.0±7.7) d vs (43.6±10.6) d, t=2.229, P=0.029]; while the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and necrotizing enterocolitis were similar (P>0.05). The five cases of PDA who received video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery were successfully interrupted with no residual shunt left, while three of them had lung infections and one had pleural effusion, but no pneumothorax and infant death associated with surgery occurred. Conclusions Symptomatic PDA of very low birth weight preterm infants should be treated actively. Oral indomethacin was an effective and safe method to cure the PDA in these infants. Surgical ligation under video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery after failure of indomethacin treatment might be a good option.