The study was conducted at Hanoi Obstetrical and Gynecological Hospital, combining quantitative and qualitative research methods. Results: the study showed that there was a tendency for pregnant women to over-use ultrasound scanning. The reasons for this included women’s perceptions of the usefulness of ultrasound scanning, their serious worries for the fetus, as well as the effects of the market economy on this health service. Over-use of obstetrical ultrasound scanning was not only related to the perception, demands and psychology of pregnant women, but also to socio-economic changes associated with the economic reforms and the liberalization of the health care system.
Ultrasonography ; Epidemiology

Background: Strains caused by hospital-acquired infections as acommon rule havehigh multiantimicrobial resistance andincrease the dispersal risks ofthese strains. Objectives: To learn about the status of multidrug resistance in ubiquitous and dominant pseudomonas aeruginosa in Ha Noi hospital. Subjects and method: 138nosocomial Pseudomonas aerug.\r\n', u'Results:114 nosocomial Pseudomonas aerug- inosa isolates from Hanoi hospital were studied in relation to their antibiotic susceptibilities and the results showed the ratesof resistance to antibiotics among beta lactams ranged from 29 to 41.7%; quinolones ranged from 45.7% to 47.3%; cephems ranged from 64.1 % to 74.4% and aminoglyy cosides ranged from 41.1 to 74,6%. Of the five dominant serogroups O12 (27.2%); O11 (18.4%); O16 (11.4%); O5 (6.1%) and O2 (5.3%). Multidrug resistance rates in the major serogroups were O16 (100%); O11 (95.2%); and O12 (93.5%).Conclusion: Efforts to monitor antibiotic resistance of hospital bacteria strainsnationalwide, regional and local levels is necessary to provide physicians with the selection of information for effective treatment. \r\n', u'\r\n', u'
multidrug resistance ; pseudomonas aeruginosa ;

Background: Burn patients are at high risk of occasional infection because microorganism can penetrate through the wound easily. Objective: To identify bacteria species that most often cause occasional infections in burn patients and evaluate the rate of resistance to antibiotics of the isolated bacteria species. Subject and Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 126 patients treated at the National Institute of Burns from 4/2007 to 3/2008. Result: Rates of bacteria species were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (45.98%), after that was S.aureus (25.29%); Abaumannii (9.2%); E.coli (3.45%) and Kpneunwniae (2.87%). Rate ofresistance to antibiotics of P.aeruginosa among aminoglycoside ranged from 22.54% to 80.56%; quinolone from 39.44% to 41.1%; Cephems from 68.49% to 80.56% and penicillin from 67.61% to 78.87%; Imipenem was 27.4%. Anti-biotics resistance of Abaumannii among aminoglycoside ranged from aminoglycoside from 25.0% to 87.5%; quinolone was 81.25%; cephems was 93.33% and penicillin was 86.67%; lmipenem was 50% and Aztreonam was 93.75%. S.aureus were sensitive to Vancomycin was 1000%, but resistant to lmipenem (72.73); Gentamicin (71.43); Kanamycin (83.33); Tobramycin (83.33%); Ticarcillin / Clavulanic acid (75.61%) and Ceftazidine (75.61%).Conclusion: Isolated bacteria species, which caused occasional infections in burn patients, are mainly P.aeruginosa, S.aureus and A.baumannii. Those species resist many kinds of antibiotic.\r\n', u'\r\n', u'
Multidrug resistance ; burn ; bacteria

Background: Acinetobacter spp are present everywhere in the environment and cause many epidemics in tropical countries.\r\n', u'Objectives: This study aims to learn about the status of multidrug resistance in ubiquitous and domination acinetobacter Spp caused nosocomial infections. Subjects and method: A descriptive, epidemiologic cross-sectional study on 65 nosocomial Acinetobacter spp isolated from 244 patients hospitalized at the intensive-care units, Bach Mai hospital and burn patients from the National Burn Institute from April, 2007 to May, 2008. Results: Rates of A.baumannii were 70.8% of the isolates. Acinetobacter spp were isolated from patients in intensive-care units showed resistant to almost all commercially available antibiotics groups, among Penicillin ranged from 94.6 to 97.4%; beta- Lactam ranged from 80.5 to 90%; Cephems were 97.6%; Aminoglycosides group ranged from 62.5 to 100% and Quinolon were 100%. The isolates that were susceptible to Netilmycin was 35% and Imipenem was 34.1%. Acinetobacter spp were isolated from burn patients, which showed resistant to Penicillin was 86, 7%; beta- Lactam was 93, 3%; Aminoglyco- sides ranged from 25% to 87.5% and Quinolon was 81,3%. The isolates were susceptible to Netilmycin was 75% and Imipenem was 31.3%. \r\n', u'Conclusion: Analysis of risk factors may help the study of epidemiology Acinetobacter to prevent hospital infections and reduce the mortality rate. \r\n', u'
Acinetobacter spp ; nosocomial infections

Background: In the past decades, preventive medicine had achieved significant success by promoting the effective prevention. However, we were facing with the rising again of dangerous infectious diseases that had been controlled. Ministry of Health had approved the development support project for preventive medicine system to strengthen early detection and control diseases in time. Objectives: To survey the manpower and the demand for training in basic microbiology technique of Centres for preventive medicine. Subjects and method: Technicians of 29 centres for preventive medicine in North provinces were surveyed and the results were studied by the described cross method. Results: Number of technicians graduated difference, fluctuated from 3 to 14 person per unit. The women were 80.4%; men were 19.6%. The staff who have degrees of postgraduate was 5.3%; University graduated was 41.2%; middle-ranking was 53.6%. Their specialities were very different: medicine doctor was 15.2%; biologists were 8.8%. The rest were nurse, technicians convalesce nurse, Medical Public Health...(34.4%). Among the demand for obtain the train in Microbiology, basic and advance labiratory techniques, 19.4% were the requests for training in basic microbiology; 16.4% were for molecular technology; 21.4% were for bacterium isolate technology and 19.4% were for virus technology. Conclusion: The results were the basis of creating a appropriate technical training strategy to contribute to the success of the project.
Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; Education

Background: In 24 years, Expanded Programe on Immunization\r\n', u'(EPI) at Thua Thien Hue province achieve high efficiency, reduce remarkably infection rate of children disease in EPI. Objectives: Assessment of instruments and cold chain at City, District Health Center and Commune Health station. Assessment of knowledge and practice EPI of medical officers in districts and communes. Subjects and method: Instrument, cold chain system and officers at City, District Health Center and Commune Health station. Method: Cross-section descriptive study; Observe instruments and cold chain at Health stations and fill in available forms. Interview medical officers, observe practical manipulation and fill in available forms. Results: The rate of good knowledge varied from 61,64% to 94,55% and the rate of appropriate practice was from 45,70% to 80,92%. On average, each commune health station had 0,421 refrigeration; 0,128 ice cabinet; 0,258 cold box; 2,259 thermoses; 6,623 ice packs; 2,826 thermometers and11,321 safe boxes. All commune health stations have vaccine containing thermos; one station has no thermometer; two have no safe box and five have no ice pack. Conclusion: All commune health stations have essential instruments, cold chain. Very few health station lack of one or some types. Medical officers almost have basic knowledge about expandedimmunization, the rate of answering right theoretical questions from 61,64% to 94,55%. Practical manipulation had still many errors, rate of manipulation right only 45,70% to 80,92%. District officers manipulated right higher than commune officers.\r\n', u'
Refrigeration/ instrumentation ; Vaccination/ instrumentation ; mortality ; methods ; Health Knowledge ; Attitudes ; Practice ;

Background: Open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) causes haemostatic abnormalities which result in postoperative excessive bleeding. Objectives: To investigate haemostatic disorders before - after CPB and postoperative bleeding. Subjects and methods: Sixty congenital cardiac patients with and without cyanosis were recruited consecutively. Hematology and coagulation tests were done 1 day before operation, 15 minutes after protamine administration, 2 and 6 hours after the operation in the intensive care unit (lCU). Mediastinal chest tube drainage (MCTO) was measured for the first 6h in the ICU. Results: Significant differences between 2 groups could be found for red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, fibrinogen, D-dimer, fibrinogen degradation products (FOP), von Kaulla and platelet aggregation to epinephrine before operation (p < 0.05). There were not significant differences in platelets, PT, APTT, platelet aggregation to adenosine diphosphate (AOP) in the acyanotic and cyanotic patients (p > 0.05). Most hematology parameters were decreased significantly and hemostasis measurements were prolonged after operation in both groups (p < 0.05). There was also the significant difference in MCTO between 2 groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Coagulation, hemostasis and fibrinolysis disorders; thrombocytopenia and acquired transient platelet dysfunction may be responsible for bleeding complications after CBP \r\n', u'\r\n', u'
Heart Defects ; Congenital/ pathology ; epidemiology ; Hemostatic Disorders/ pathology ; diagnosis

Background: Human albumin was produced and used in many countries. Cohn's technique had been used to precipitate albumin from human plasma. This technique was easy and cheap and the quality of the product was good. In Vietnam, human albumin had to import, but the prices was very expensive. Vietnam was having good plasma in large quantity and high quality. That\u2019s why research on production plasma albumin was essential.\r\n", u"Objectives: This study aimed at using Cohn's technique improved by Drohan and Van - Aken to produce standard albumin from human plasma. Subjects and method: Human plasma detected VIII-factor was used for present study. Plasma \ufffd?albumin was precipitated by ethanol at low temperature and pH. The collected albumins have been liophilizated and storage at 40C. The quality and quantity of Albumin was evaluated by quantitative analysis and protein \ufffd?electrophoresis. Results: The 418g of albumin powder was produced from 16 liters of plasma detected F \ufffd?VIII. The quality of this albumin come up to standard (>95%) and quantity of albumin collected from one liter of this plasma was 26g. Conclusion: In the Vietnamese condition, the technique of Cohn can be used to produce standard albumin for treatment.\r\n", u'
Albumins/ standards ; Plasma ;

Introduction: The need for gama \u2013 globulin, especially gama - globulin - anti \u2013 HBs, is huge in Vietnam. A number of patients cannot to afford use them due to the high price as they are imported. Meanwhile, Vietnam has high quality input sources for producing gama \u2013 globulin. \r\n', u'Objectives: To study the production process of gama - Globulin from Human Plasma and Standard gama - Globulin with Rich of Anti \u2013 HBs. \r\n', u'Subjects and method: 168 samples of human plasma from voluntary blood donors, which had been screened with for transfusion transmittable infections (TTLs), were chosen as plasma with rich of anti - HBs. The plasma with anti - HBsAg was precipitated with ethanol 25%, pH 6,9 to gain gama - globulin with rich anti - HBs, which was dried by Dutch Ly - 3 - TTE machine. Activation of anti - HBs gama - globulin was identified by a standard method of the degree of antibody specific for anti - HBsAg kit of BIORAD, \r\n', u'Results: The purity of the gama - globulin achieved was 93%, which was almost equal with the results of some foreign researchers (7.8), the activation of anti - HBs was 1:128 dilution degree. The productivity of gama - globulin gaining from 1 litter plasma was 6.0 gram. This new issue was first demonstrated in Vietnam. \r\n', u'Conclusion: We can domestically produce anti-Bs gama - globulin with high degree of activeness (1:128) from human plasma by the precipitating method with ethanol, pH and low temperature. \r\n', u'
Human plasma ; gama - globulin - anti - HBs ; Precipitation of ethanol ; pH and low temperature

Hangover is characterized by a number of unpleasant physical and mental symptoms that occur after heavy alcohol drinking. In addition, consistently excessive alcohol intake is considered as a major reason causes liver disease. The present study investigated the in vivo effects of DA-5513 (Morning care® Kang Hwang) on biological parameters relevant to hangover relief and alcoholic fatty liver. Blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations were determined in rats administered a single dose of alcohol and treated with DA-5513 or commercially available hangover relief beverages (Yeomyung® and Ukon®). The effects of DA-5513 on alcoholic fatty liver were also determined in rats fed alcohol-containing Lieber-DeCarli diets for 4 weeks. Serum liver function markers (aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities) and serum/liver lipid levels were assessed. Blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentrations were lower in the groups treated with DA-5513 or Yeomyung®, as compared with control rats. However, Ukon® did not produce any significant effects on these parameters. Treatment with DA-5513 significantly reduced serum aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities and markedly reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, as compared with control rats. Histological observations using Oil Red O staining found that DA-5513 delayed the development of alcoholic fatty liver by reversing hepatic fat accumulation. These findings suggest that DA-5513 could have a beneficial effect on alcohol-induced hangovers and has the potential to ameliorate alcoholic fatty liver.
Acetaldehyde ; Alanine Transaminase ; Alcohol Drinking ; Alcoholics* ; Animals ; Aspartic Acid ; Beverages ; Cholesterol ; Diet ; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic* ; Humans ; Liver ; Liver Diseases ; Metabolism* ; Rats* ; Triglycerides