Lipoprotein ( a ) [ Lp ( a ) ] is considered a causal risk factor for the formation and development of atherosclerosis ( AS).High plasma levels of Lp ( a) is recognized as a predictor of coronary heart disease. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of Lp ( a ) are still unknown. Recent studies demonstrated that a key role in the proatherogenic effects of Lp ( a ) may be linked to its oxidized phospholipids ( OxPL) content.Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 ( Lp-PLA2 ) is another important factor in Lp( a) functionality.OxPL are hydrolyzed by Lp-PLA2 into lysophosphatidylcholine ( lyso-PC) and oxidized free fatty acid(OxFFA), which are important inflammatory factors on promoting the occurrence and development of AS.The present review article describes Lp-PLA2 hydrolyzing OxPL associated with Lp (a). The process induces inflammatory factors , which promote development of AS .OxPL and Lp-PLA2 can be used as new targets of cardiovascular diseases , which have clinical application value to predict potential cardiovascular diseases .

Objective To investigate the relationship between lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2(Lp-PLA2) activity and the severity of coronary artery diseases .Methods A case-control study was conducted to select 231 patients with positive coronary angiography results in Beijing Huaxin Hospital .They were divided into two groups (untreated goup:147 cases; the medication group:84 cases) according to whether taking statins.99 cases were included in the healthy control group .In the untreated group, all male patients were grouped according to the number of diseased coronary branches (43 cases were in single vessel lesion group and 52 cases were in multi vessel disease group ) or to the Gensini score (32 cases were in low score group, 36 cases were in middle score group and 27 cases were in high score group ).The clinical data were collected by detecting serum atherosclerotic markers such as Lp-PLA2, total cholesterol (CHOL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL).The number of vessels involved in coronary artery disease , the position of the lesion and the degree of stenosis were confirmed by percutaneous coronary intervention ( PCI).Statistical evaluations were performed using t-test, variance analysis, Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman correlation analysis.Results The differences among untreated group , the medication group and the control group were statistically significant, of which the Lp-PLA2 level was (561.9 ±158.5) U/L, (373.2 ±124.7) U/L and (467.4 ±130.4) U/L respectively.Compared with single branch disease group , the Lp-PLA2 level in the multiple branches disease group was increased dramatically .Additionally, the level of Lp-PLA2 in high Gensini score group was (618.7 ±165.4) U/L, significantly higher than the low score group (517.3 ± 191.7) U/L.Conclusion Lp-PLA2 activity was associated with the severity of Coronary Artery Diseases, which can provide the evidence for the follow-up treatment programs.

Idiopathic oligoasthenospermia （IO） has been increasingly emphasized in the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility. Oxidative stress damage directly affects sperm quality and spermatogenesis， constituting a major causative factor of IO. Firstly， due to its high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids， the sperm plasma membrane is highly sensitive to reactive oxygen species （ROS）， leading to lipid peroxidation accumulation and even inducing ferroptosis. Secondly， deficient downstream key proteins in the base excision repair pathway render sperm unable to repair extensive DNA oxidative damage under oxidative stress. Simultaneously， under oxidative stress， the apoptotic pathway of sperm is cascade-activated， causing rapid loss of motility. ROS further disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis， inhibiting testosterone production and ultimately affecting spermatogenesis. Wuzi Yanzongwan，in line with traditional Chinese medicine theory of treating IO through "nourishing kidney essence and harmonizing Yin and Yang"， clinically demonstrates its ability to improve sperm morphology， count， and motility， thereby enhancing male fertility. The research on the pharmacological constituents of Wuzi Yanzongwan primarily involves establishing a characteristic spectrum of Chinese medicine to achieve quality control and exploring the pharmacology of effective components. Studies have found that its main active ingredients consist of flavonoids and phenylpropanoids. Specifically， compounds such as hyperin， acteoside， kaempferol， and schisandrin A are identified as the primary active substances and quality control components. These compounds exhibit strong antioxidant activity and have been partly applied in research related to reproductive endocrine disorders. Tripterygium glycoside is primarily used for modeling of oxidative stress-induced IO. It leads to the accumulation of various lipid peroxides in testicular tissues and concurrently compromises the body's antioxidant capacity. Mechanistic studies have found that Wuzi Yanzongwan can inhibit elevated ROS levels in IO models and enhance the body's antioxidant capacity， thereby ameliorating inflammation， suppressing cell apoptosis， promoting testosterone production， and ultimately alleviating the decline in sperm quality and spermatogenesis caused by oxidative stress.