Enterovirus A, Human ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; virology ; Humans

China ; epidemiology ; Enterovirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Genes, Viral ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans

In order to study the genotypes and molecular evolution of human enterovirus (HEV) A species in Shandong Province, Stool samples were collected from AFP and HFMD patients in Shandong Province and virus isolation was performed. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reactions (RT-PCR) specific for EV71 and CVA16 were performed with the virus isolates from HFMD patients. Positive isolates were selected for entire VP1 coding gene amplification and sequencing. Isolates with negative PCR results and isolates from AFP patients were selected for entire VP1 coding gene amplification and sequencing using primers specific for HEV A species. Phylogenetic tree was constructed among these VP1 nucleotide sequences and of other strains. Altogether 293 strains classified into 8 genotypes were isolated. The homologous comparison and phylogenetic analysis showed Shandong strains were distinct with prototype strains in every genotype. This report presents an overview of HEV-A in Shandong Province.
Cell Line ; China ; Enterovirus A, Human ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Enterovirus Infections ; virology ; Feces ; virology ; Genotype ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; virology ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Paraplegia ; virology ; Phylogeny

OBJECTIVETo analyze the etiological and epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) seen in Jiangsu province from 2008 to 2010, and provide evidence for its prevention and control.

METHODSBased on the requirement of supervision program of HFMD, surveillance and report were done according to National Disease Supervision Information Management System. Descriptive epidemiological method, performed between 2008 and 2010, was used to analyze the time, region and population distribution and results of etiologic analysis of HFMD. Nucleic acid of enterovirus (EV) genome was detected by real-time RT-PCR.

RESULTSThe average incidence rate of HFMD was 86.70 per million between 2008 and 2010, the peak incidence occurred in April to July. There were significant differences among the incidence in different districts (P<0.05), and the highest incidence was seen in the densely inhabited southern areas of Jiangsu province. Most of the cases were infants and children aged less than 5 years. The number of male cases (2008: 17,008, 2009: 48 768, 2010: 50,231) was much larger than that of the female cases 2008: 9662, 2009: 29 151, 2010: 30,655. The HFMD cases with mild symptoms were caused mainly by enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (Cox A16) and there was difference among different years. The severe HFMD cases and deaths were mainly caused by EV71 infection.

CONCLUSIONSThe epidemiologic characteristics of HFMD in Jiangsu province from 2008 to 2010 had close relationship with season, population and region. The mild cases of HFMD were mainly infected with EV71 and Cox A16. However, EV71 illness seemed to be more severe and had significantly greater frequency of serious complications and fatality than the illness caused by Cox A16.

Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Enterovirus A, Human ; pathogenicity ; Female ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a viral infectious disease regarded to be a public-health problem worldwide. Since the 1990s, HFMD began to spread in the Asia-Pacific region (especially in South-East Asia). HFMD outbreaks have occurred in mainland China frequently since 2008, and the morbidity and mortality of HFMD has continued to increase in recent years. In mainland China, enterovirus A serotype enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) have been the major pathogens of HFMD during these years. However, the etiological spectrum of HFMD changes with time. This review focuses mainly on the etiological spectrum of HFMD and changes in epidemic patterns in mainland China.
China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Enterovirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans ; Prevalence

Central Nervous System Diseases ; complications ; virology ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Enterovirus ; Enterovirus A, Human ; Female ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; complications ; epidemiology ; Humans

An etiology study on HFMD in Qingdao region during 2008-2009 was conducted. The virus RNA were isolated from throat swabs of HFMD,the EV, EV71 and CVA16 were detected by multiplex realtime RT-PCR. For those specimens with EV positive and both EV71 and CVA16 negative,a reverese transcription-seminested polymerase chain reaction (RT-snPCR) was perfomed to amplify part sequence of the VP1 gene for sabsequent analysis to identify the serotype. The results indicated that EV71 and CVA16 were the major pathogens of HFMD in Qingdao during 2008-2009. The proportion of EV71 was greater than CVA16 in either mild or serious HFMD cases. Sequence analysis showed that 5 non-EV71 and non-CVA16 serotypes (8 specimens) were obtained in 2008 including Coxsackievirus A5, A6, A10, A12 and Echovirus 9, which were well distributed. Three serotypes(13 specimens) were obtained in 2009 including Coxsackievirus A9, A12 and B2, of which CVA12 was of a big proportion (11/13). CVA12 became a new relatively major pathogen of HFMD in Qingdao during 2009.
China ; epidemiology ; Enterovirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Viral ; genetics ; Serotyping

Animals ; Critical Illness ; Enterovirus A, Human ; pathogenicity ; Enterovirus Infections ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; diagnosis ; therapy ; virology ; Humans

China ; epidemiology ; Enterovirus A, Human ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Phylogeny

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). belongs to family Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus, species A. EV71 infection usually affects subjects aged <5 years. HFMD caused by EV71 infection is usually mild in children. However, in some cases EV71 infection can lead to severe neurogenic disease and even death. EV71 infection has caused epidemic worldwide (especially in the Asia Pacific). HFMD caused by EV71 has become a major public-health prol lem across the Asia Pacific. In EV71 infection, the pathogenesis is determined by viral and host factor, Here, we review research on host susceptibility and how EV71 suppresses immune and intracellular ri
Animals ; Enterovirus A, Human ; genetics ; pathogenicity ; physiology ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; virology ; Humans ; Virulence ; Virus Attachment ; Virus Replication