China ; epidemiology ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Weather

China ; epidemiology ; Demography ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans

Humans ; Beijing ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology* ; China/epidemiology*

Objective: To analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of hand,foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in China, explore the association of socioeconomic, population and health services factors with the incidence of HFMD in China, and provide information for the prevention and control of HFMD. Methods: Bayesian spatiotemporal model was used to fit the data of HFMD, evaluate the spatiotemporal variation of HFMD, and identify the potential association between the risk of HFMD and social, economic, population and health services. Results: From 2011 to 2018, a total of 17 118 050 HFMD cases, including 2 283 deaths, were reported in China. The reported incidence showed a fluctuating increase trend from 2011 to 2014, and a fluctuating decrease trend from 2014 to 2018. Meanwhile, there was a fluctuating decrease trend of mortality rate. The incidence of HFMD had spatial clustering, with the highest incidence in southern China with hot spot and high risk areas, and the lowest incidence in northwestern China where cold spot and low risk areas were found. The risk for HFMD was associated with GDP per capita (RR=3.54), number of industrial enterprises above designated size of 10 000 people (RR=1.61), urbanization rate (RR=3.00), birth rate (RR=2.36), number of beds in medical institutions per 10 000 people (RR=3.40), and green area in parks per capita (RR=0.57). Conclusions: The hotspot area for HFMD prevention and control in China was in the southeast coastal provinces from 2011 to 2018. In order to reduce the incidence of HFMD, it is necessary to increase the green area in parks per capita while accelerating urbanization process.
Humans ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease ; China/epidemiology* ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology* ; Menthol

Epidemiologic Methods ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans

Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Humans

OBJECTIVETo investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease.

METHODSA total of 589 children from Xianju county, Zhejiang province with hand-foot-mouth disease in 2013 were recruited in the study and the diagnosis went through clinical and laboratory confirmation. Attributes that were analyzed included gender, age, month of occurrence, regional distribution and clinical presentation.

RESULTSThe incidence rate of hand-foot-mouth disease in Xianju county for the year was 102.72/100 000, with 12 severe cases but no death. There were clearly more boys than girls, with a male to female ratio of 1.29 :1, which was statistically significant (χ(2) = 14.274, P < 0.001). The vast majority of patients were 0-3 years old, representing 94.74% of the patients. The occurrences were concentrated in the period from April to August and November, with April as the high-incidence season. High incidence areas were the countryside and suburbs, making up 45.50% and 30.73%, respectively, of all cases. Most patients were in preschools or scattered home care environments, accounting for 51.10% and 40.92% , respectively. Clinical presentation was characterized by fever and various kinds of vesicles or papules at the hand, foot, mouth or buttocks.

CONCLUSIONMost of hand-foot-mouth disease cases occur in younger children in areas with inadequate knowledge of hygiene, with seasonal variation.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male

Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Seasons

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of weather patterns on the incidence of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Jinan.

METHODSHFMD confirmed cases aged ≤5 years old for the period of 2012-2014 were collected from National Notifiable Disease Report System (NNDRS). Simultaneous meteorological data, including daily average temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind velocity, rainfall and duration of sunshine were obtained from the website of Jinan meteorological bureau. A negative binomial multivariable regression was used to identify the relationship between meteorological variables and HFMD.

RESULTSDuring the study period, a total of 40 405 HFMD cases aged ≤5 years old were reported. The incident peak occurred from May to July, a total of 22 254 cases were reported during this period, which accounted for 55.08% of whole cases. After adjusting by "year", each 1 °C rise of weekly average temperature corresponded to an increase of 6.70% (95%CI:6.35% to 7.06%) in the weekly number of HFMD cases, while a 1 kPa rise of weekly average atmospheric pressure corresponded to a decrease in the number of cases by 44.77% (95%CI: -46.23% to -41.91%). Likewise, a one percent rise in weekly average relative humidity corresponded to an increase of 1.96% (95%CI: 1.84% to 2.09%), a 1 m/h rise in weekly average wind velocity corresponded to an increase of 16.63% (95% CI:14.08% to 19.25%), a hour add in weekly duration of sunshine corresponded to a decrease of 0.82% (95% CI : -0.93% to -0.72%), in the weekly number of HFMD cases.

CONCLUSIONWeather factors including temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, wind velocity, and duration of sunshine had a significant influence on occurrence and transmission of HFMD in Jinan city.

Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Temperature ; Weather

China ; epidemiology ; Enterovirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Genes, Viral ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans