China ; epidemiology ; Demography ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans

China ; epidemiology ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Weather

Humans ; Beijing ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology* ; China/epidemiology*

Objective: To analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of hand,foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in China, explore the association of socioeconomic, population and health services factors with the incidence of HFMD in China, and provide information for the prevention and control of HFMD. Methods: Bayesian spatiotemporal model was used to fit the data of HFMD, evaluate the spatiotemporal variation of HFMD, and identify the potential association between the risk of HFMD and social, economic, population and health services. Results: From 2011 to 2018, a total of 17 118 050 HFMD cases, including 2 283 deaths, were reported in China. The reported incidence showed a fluctuating increase trend from 2011 to 2014, and a fluctuating decrease trend from 2014 to 2018. Meanwhile, there was a fluctuating decrease trend of mortality rate. The incidence of HFMD had spatial clustering, with the highest incidence in southern China with hot spot and high risk areas, and the lowest incidence in northwestern China where cold spot and low risk areas were found. The risk for HFMD was associated with GDP per capita (RR=3.54), number of industrial enterprises above designated size of 10 000 people (RR=1.61), urbanization rate (RR=3.00), birth rate (RR=2.36), number of beds in medical institutions per 10 000 people (RR=3.40), and green area in parks per capita (RR=0.57). Conclusions: The hotspot area for HFMD prevention and control in China was in the southeast coastal provinces from 2011 to 2018. In order to reduce the incidence of HFMD, it is necessary to increase the green area in parks per capita while accelerating urbanization process.
Humans ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Foot-and-Mouth Disease ; China/epidemiology* ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology* ; Menthol

OBJECTIVETo explore and study the relationships between the popularity of HFMD and the climate in Qinhuangdao city.

METHODSHFMD cases were collected on a ten-day basis in 2009 in Qinhuangdao city. At the same time, the data about Qinhuangdao's ten-day average temperature and average humidity were provided by the Qinhuangdao Meteorological bureau. Then the collected data were analysed using the great data analysis function in the EXCELE software.

RESULTSThe results showed that the disease of HFMD had a positive relationship with seasons. The cases of HFMD began to rise at the last ten days of March and rised dramatically at the middle ten days of April; In July, the cases of HFMD arrived at peak and then decline gradually. The cases of HFMD in October were quite similar to the cases of HFMD in March. Then in November, the cases of HFMD declined rapidly. All these evidences suggested that the peak seasons of HFMD were Spring and Summer.

CONCLUSIONThe situations of HFMD had a significant positive relationship with the conditions of climate, such as high temperature and high humidity.

Epidemiologic Methods ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans

Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Humans

OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to explore the spatial distribution and spatial clustering of hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in Gansu, 2012.

METHODSSpatial autocorrelation and Spatial scanning analysis were used to conduct spatial statistical analyses for the HFMD at the county/district level.

RESULTSHFMD cases did not show a random distribution but with significant spatial aggregation. When Local Autocorrelation analysis was applied at the county/district level, with nine hot spot areas as Jiayuguan, Yumen, Dunhuang, Jinta, Suzhou, Chengguan, Anning, Xigu and Gaolan, were discovered. Four statistically significant HFMD clusters were identified by spatial scan statistics.

CONCLUSIONHFMD was noticed geographically clustered in Gansu in 2012. Results from this study indicated that the spatial autocorrelation and spatial scanning analysis could effectively detect the areas which presenting significant clusters. Cluster Detection System (CDS) could provide evidence for the development of an effective measure concerning the prevention and control of HFMD.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Seasons

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of weather patterns on the incidence of hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Jinan.

METHODSHFMD confirmed cases aged ≤5 years old for the period of 2012-2014 were collected from National Notifiable Disease Report System (NNDRS). Simultaneous meteorological data, including daily average temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind velocity, rainfall and duration of sunshine were obtained from the website of Jinan meteorological bureau. A negative binomial multivariable regression was used to identify the relationship between meteorological variables and HFMD.

RESULTSDuring the study period, a total of 40 405 HFMD cases aged ≤5 years old were reported. The incident peak occurred from May to July, a total of 22 254 cases were reported during this period, which accounted for 55.08% of whole cases. After adjusting by "year", each 1 °C rise of weekly average temperature corresponded to an increase of 6.70% (95%CI:6.35% to 7.06%) in the weekly number of HFMD cases, while a 1 kPa rise of weekly average atmospheric pressure corresponded to a decrease in the number of cases by 44.77% (95%CI: -46.23% to -41.91%). Likewise, a one percent rise in weekly average relative humidity corresponded to an increase of 1.96% (95%CI: 1.84% to 2.09%), a 1 m/h rise in weekly average wind velocity corresponded to an increase of 16.63% (95% CI:14.08% to 19.25%), a hour add in weekly duration of sunshine corresponded to a decrease of 0.82% (95% CI : -0.93% to -0.72%), in the weekly number of HFMD cases.

CONCLUSIONWeather factors including temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, wind velocity, and duration of sunshine had a significant influence on occurrence and transmission of HFMD in Jinan city.