Death education that began in the western countries,starting with the rise of thanatolography,is the important content of modern education which can not be ignored.This paper summarized the definition,content,subjects and course of death education by reviewing the literatures,aiming to provide some reference for the death education at present in our country.

Objective To explore the best way for reconstruction of local defect after subtotal or extended resection of the temporal bone. Method The reconstruction of 33 patients who had undergone subtotal or extended resection of temporal bone between July 1993 to June 2003 in our hospital were retrospectively analysed. Results Thirty-three patients, aged 14-69 years old (average 45.0) were enrolled. Among them, 26 were suffering from malignancy (12 with recurrences, undergoing several operations). Subtotal resection of temporal bone was performed in 22 cases and extended resection in 11. Total survival rate of reconstructive tissues was 81.8%(27/33), in which pectoralis major island musculocutaneous flap accounted for 77.8%(7/9), temporalis musculocutaneous flap survived 100% (9/9), pedicled temporalis musculocutaneous flap associated with other local musculocutaneous flap survived 100%(4/4), 60.0% (3/5) of upper sternocleidomastoid musculocutaneous flap survived, and 66.7% (4/6) of fat transplantation survived. Nature and extent of the diseases, preoperative radiotherapy, relapse and postoperative leakage of cerebrospinal fluid were important influential factors for postoperative healing. Conclusions Reconstructive measures depended on the nature and extent of diseases, necessary size of tissue, local circulation, and influential factors of healing. The optimum way for the repair of a small defect after resection of non-malignant tumor was fat transplantation with dermis, and pedicled temporalis musculocutaneous flap for malignant tumors. Pectoralis major island musculocutaneous flap was employed in large defect and that with lack of blood supply. Skin grafting met several failures in these patients. Theoretically, free scapular skin flap is the optimum way for defects after subtotal or extended resection of temporal bone.

Objective To detect the difference of the light sensitivity in the central visual field between normal people and type Ⅱ diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy , and evaluate the effect of perimetric examination in early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. Methods The light sensitivity at the 80 locations in the central field was measured by Dicon field analyzer (model TKS 4000) in 76 normal eyes of 44 normal volunteers aged from 45 to 72 years and 75 eyes of 40 type Ⅱ diabetic patients without retinopathy aged from 46 to 71 years. Results For the diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy, the light sensitivity of locations decreased by 4 8 dB,and there were some decreased light sensitivity areas. The mean light sensitivity of three zones of the central field had significant reduction in the diabetic patients as compared with the control group( P

From pregnant women's psychological point of view, the variant characters and the underlying causes are analyzed when they are in the period of childbirth and puerperium. The role of medical staff and the treatments in clinical psychological heath for pregnant women are discussed, which could help the pregnant women give birth smoothly and healthy in puerperium.

AIM: To induce preconditioning and oxidative stress by H_2O_2 in HepG2 cells. METHODS: The different doses of H_2O_2 were used to induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells, which was estimated by AO/EB staining, MTT assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS: The different group of HepG2 cells stained with AO/EB showed different staining state. The high dose of H_2O_2 resulted in the increase in apoptosis rate of HepG2 cells and made MTT activity decreased. However, after pretreated with low dose of H_2O_2, the apoptosis rate was decreased and MTT activity was increased. CONCLUSION: The high dose H_2O_2 induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells and the low dose H_2O_2 protected HepG2 cells against the oxidative stress.

This study was aimed to optimize the vacuumextraction technology of alkaloids fromSophora alopecuroides. The orthogonal test and comprehensive evaluation were used to optimize the vacuumextraction technology. Contents of total alkali and oxymatrinewere used as index components for optimizing the effect of three factors, which were the adding amount of water, extraction time, and extraction frequency. Comparison was made among optimal conventional extraction process, decoction extraction and vacuumextraction. The results showed that the optimum extraction process was to add 12 times amount of water, and to extract for 3 times under the temperature of 60℃, 1h for each time. It was concluded that the optimized extraction vacuum technologyof alkaloids fromS. alopecuroidsdecompression total alkali content and oxymatrine process was better than that of optimal conventional extraction process and decoction extraction. The vacuumextraction technology was stable and practical.

ObjectiveTo analyze the withdrawal condition of Chinese patent medicine and the problems encountered; To provide references for reducing unreasonable withdrawal medicine.MethodsNumber, money and reasons of medicine withdrawal of Beijing hospital during 2013-2014 were collected, and several cases and problems were analyzed.ResultsThe causes of medicine withdrawal ranked in descending order in terms of their proportions were changes in illness state (26.82%), adverse reactions (19.53%) and patient refusal to take (14.58%), etc. ConclusionTo reduce the incidence of medicine withdrawal, it is important to improve the expertise of medical personnel, enhance their sense of responsibility, carry out and improve pharmaceutical services and establish a sound medicine withdrawal system.

Objective To explore the relationship between operation scores and the expression of caveolin-1 ( Cav-1 ) protein in the cortex of mice.Methods Male Kunming mice were used and divided into two groups (excellent group and bad group) according to the training scores after 4 days' Y-maze learning training.The expression of cav-1 protein in cortex and hippocampus of the mice with different scores were measured through Western blot technology.Results Cav-1 protein expression of excellent group( Cav-1/β-actin was 5.71 + 1.11 ) in the cortex was significantly higher than that of the bad group ( Cav-1/β-actin was 1.69 + 0.20) (P ＜ 0.01 ).While there was no significant difference in the two groups in the expression of Cav-1 protein in hippocampus(P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusion The operation scores have distinct correlation with the expression of Cav-1 protein in the cortex of mice.

Objective To explore the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Shuangwu numbness-relief decoction. Methods The anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by xylene-induced mouse auricular swelling and peritoneal capillary permeability;and the analgesic effect was assessed by hot plate method and acetic acid-induced twisting method. Results Shuangwu numbness-relief decoction at moderate or high dose had a significant inhibitory effect on mouse auricular swelling, with a significant difference as compared with the control group (P<0.01);the decoction at low , moderate , or high dose group played a marked inhibitory role in the increase in mouse peritoneal capillary permeability (P<0.01). Shuangwu numbness-relief decoction at moderate or high dose effectively reduced the writhing frequency in mice (P < 0.01). The decoction at high dose increased the pain threshold in mice one hour after intragastric administration (P < 0.05), and the decoction at moderate or high dose increased the pain threshold two hours after administration (P < 0.05). Conclusions Shuangwu numbness-relief decoction has an obvious anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect.

Objective To investigate the relationship between esophageal motility and distal latency (DL) in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) using high resolution manometry (HRM).Methods A total of 51 GERD patients underwent HRM and 24 h-esophageal pH monitoring.According to the HRM topography (characterized as either break peristalsis or normal esophageal movement),all GERD patients were divided into two groups:hypomotility group (n =28) and normal group (n =23).Fourteen non-GERD controls were enrolled.The monitoring results were analyzed.Results The HRM DL of 28 esophageal hypomotility patients(54.9％,28/51) were the longest (7.27 ± 1.44) s.Patients with normal peristalsis also had longer latency (6.70 ± 1.41)s than the non-GERD controls (5.86 ± 0.96)s.All the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.01).DCI of hypotensive peristalsis patients (712.49 ± 703.10) mmHg · s · cm was lower compared with the other groups [(1 285.85 ± 850.83) mmHg · s · cm,(1 109.74 ± 611.70) mmHg · s · cm] (P ＜0.O1).Other indicators such as LES pressure,CFV and IBP showed no significant differences among groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Esophageal manometry of GERD patients indicates that esophageal hypomotility is accompanied with prolonged DL.Because DL of all GERD sufferers are extended,esophageal dysmotility has great implications for GERD's development.