BACKGROUND: Aerobic training can be defined as any physical exercise that increases the heart rate and enhances the body's intake of oxygen long enough to benefit the condition of body. Running, cycling, and swimming are examples of aerobic activities. This type of exercise optimises immune functions. Recently several experimental findings suggested that the regular swimming training increase immune response, but there have been very few reports which compare warm water exercise with cold water exercise in spleen lymphocytes. METHODS: This study was designed to examine the effects of regular swimming training on Index, the number of lymphocytes, proliferative activity and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by splenocytes in BALB/c mice. Thirty six mice (6 week old) were performed 10 weeks of regular swimming training and they were divided into 6 groups according to the regular swimming training (CRG: control resting group, CEG: control exercise group, WRG: warm water trained resting group, WEG: warm water trained exercise group, CORG: cold water trained resting group, COEG: cold water exercise group). Analytical items were weight change, spleen index, the number of lymphocytes, proliferative activity and production of ROS. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation by using SPSS package program (ver. 10.0). RESULTS: The swimming training significantly decreased body weight, and increased spleen index, the number of lymphocytes and proliferative activity in the presence or absence of Con A and LPS added conditions. For the WRG and CORG, the quantity of ROS from splenocytes was higher than CRG, whereas, ROS by spleen lymphocytes was lower following 90 min acute exercise stress. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the swimming training not only increases the number of lymphocytes but also increases proliferative activity by splenocytes in vitro.
Animals ; Body Weight ; Exercise ; Heart Rate ; Lymphocytes* ; Mice* ; Oxygen ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Running ; Spleen* ; Swimming* ; Water

BACKGROUND: In spite of a trend of automation for conducting most clinical laboratory tests, many blood banks are still dependent on manual tests. The aim of this study was to evaluate a full automation system called the Galileo (Immucor, USA) for conducting pretransfusion tests. METHODS: From August to October in 2009, a total of 3,002 cases of ABO-RhD typing and 1698 cases of antibody screening were compared between using manual tests and the Galileo system at Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. For the manual tests, we used the slide method for ABO-RhD typing and the anti-human immunoglobulin treated microplate method for antibody screening. The Galileo system used the microplate method for ABO-RhD typing and the solid-phase red cell adherence (SPRCA) method for antibody screening. We calculated the overall concordance rate and the false positive or negative rates regarding the manual method as a standard test and the Galileo system as a comparative test. RESULTS: When comparing 3,002 cases of ABO-RhD typing, 52 cases (1.7%) were retested. A discrepancy between the two tests remained in 17 cases (0.6%) after repetition, which led to a concordance rate of 99.4% (2,985/3,002). On the comparison of 1,698 cases of antibody screening, 54 cases (3.2%) were retested. A discrepancy between the two tests remained for 30 cases (1.8%) and the concordance rate was 98.2% (1,615/1,698). Among the 20 false negative cases (1.2%), nine were thought to be cold antibodies with no cases of confirmed warm antibody. CONCLUSION: The automated Galileo system and the preexisting manual tests showed very good concordance for ABO-RhD typing and antibody screening. The Galileo system can be used with confidence for routine pretransfusion tests.
Antibodies ; Automation ; Blood Banks ; Cold Temperature ; Immunoglobulins ; Korea ; Mass Screening

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We investigated total 26 ingredients of Saengshik which will be commercially produced as an anti-diabetic dietary supplement. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Thirteen vegetables, nine cereals, three legumes and one seed were extracted with aqueous ethanol for 2 h at 60degrees C, and evaluated for their inhibitory effects against alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase and for total phenolic and flavonoid contents. RESULTS: All ingredients inhibited alpha-amylase activity except cabbage. Strong inhibitory activity of alpha-amylase was observed in leek, black rice, angelica and barley compared with acarbose as a positive control. Stronger inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity was found in small water dropwort, radish leaves, sorghum and cabbage than acarbose. All Saengshik ingredients suppressed alpha-glucosidase activity in the range of 0.3-60.5%. Most ingredients contained total phenols which were in the range of 1.2-229.4 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried extract. But, total phenolic contents were not observed in carrot, pumpkin and radish. All ingredients contained flavonoid in the range of 11.6-380.7 mg catechin equivalent/g dried extract. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that Saengshik containing these ingredients would be an effective dietary supplement for diabetes.
Acarbose ; alpha-Amylases* ; alpha-Glucosidases* ; Angelica ; Brassica ; Catechin ; Edible Grain ; Cucurbita ; Daucus carota ; Dietary Supplements ; Ethanol ; Fabaceae ; Gallic Acid ; Food, Organic* ; Hordeum ; Oenanthe ; Phenol ; Phenols ; Raphanus ; Sorghum ; Vegetables

The purpose of the present study was to investigate cardiac damage biomarkers after a triathlon race in elite and non-elite athlete groups. Fifteen healthy men participated in the study. Based on performance, they were divided into elite athlete group (EG: n=7) and non-elite athlete group (NEG: n=8). Participants' blood samples were obtained during four periods: before, immediately, 2 hours and 7 days after finishing the race. creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-myoglobin (CK-MB), myoglobin, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly increased in both groups immediately after, and 2 hours after finishing the race (p<.05). CK, CK-MB, and myoglobin were completely recovered after 7 days (p<.05). Hematocrit (Hct) was significantly decreased in both groups (p<.05) 7 days after the race. LDH was significantly decreased in the EG (p<.05) only 7 days after the race. Homoglobin (Hb) was significantly decreased in the NEG (p<.05) only 2 hours after the race. Although cardiac troponin T (cTnT) was significantly increased in the EG but not in the NEG 2hours after the race (p<.05), there was no group-by-time interaction. cTnT was completely recovered in both groups 7 days after the race. In conclusion, cardiac damage occurs during a triathlon race and, is greater in elite than in non-elite. However, all cardiac damage markers return to normal range within 1 week.
Athletes ; Biomarkers* ; Continental Population Groups ; Creatine ; Creatine Kinase ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Male ; Myoglobin ; Reference Values ; Troponin T

There is still lack of a convinient system that connect referring physicians to the information system of referral hospitals, We proposed to develop the laboratory-information-accessing system(LISA) for physicians referred to AMC referral center with Web-based internet technology. We constructed the menu of AMC Referral Center as a part of Asan Medical Center(AMC) homepage. The information of the referred patients wee collected in the separate internal server and then transferred to the external network sever by a batch. Referring physicians was able to connect to AMC Referral Center via AMC homepage and then browse the list of their patients by putting their identification number and password. At the next, the physicians chose the patients and the test item to be displayed. In order that the referral system is established tin the medical part, the LISA world be more needed, in the society, which internet is getting popular. This LISA was introduced successfully now, and it could be a model of national standard for hospital information system.
Chungcheongnam-do ; Clinical Laboratory Information Systems ; Hospital Information Systems ; Humans ; Information Systems ; Internet ; Referral and Consultation ; Tin

BACKGROUND: Coronary artery bypases grafting in the old aged is associated with high mortality and morbidity, and it is difficult to perform if the coronary artery is diffusely disease. Recently it has been known that platelet derived growth factor(PDGF), especially PDGF-BB, stimulates angiogenesis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: New Zealand white rabbit were used. In an attempt to achieve effevtive cardiac revasculatrization without vascular anastmosis, we divided into three groups(group I : Left anterior descending artery(LAD) was occluded by ligature, group II : Bilateral internal mammary vascular pedicles were dissected and implanted into myocardium, group III : The vascular pedicles were implanted into myocardium and PDGF-BB was injected into the myocardial tissue). Two weeks after IMA implantation, the proximal region of implanted LAD was ligated. Four days after LAD ligation angiogram, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride(TTD) staining and hematoxylin eosin staining were performed. RESULT: 1. Survival rate in group II was significantly higher than that in group I (P<0.05), and survival rate in group III was signficantly higher than that in group II(53% vs 93%, P<0.01). 2. There were significant differences in the ratio of area of necrosis to area at risk between group I and group II, and between group II and group III (P<0.01). 3. Microangiogram for angiogenic response revealed wide area of extensive revascularization with patent vessels in group III. 4. Histologic findings of three groups showed that polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration was minimal in group II and none in group III. CONCLUSIONS: PDGF-BB can establish functinal cardiac revasculatization through systemic vessels implanted directly into the myocardium.
Blood Platelets* ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Coronary Vessels ; Eosine Yellowish-(YS) ; Hematoxylin ; Ligation ; Mammary Arteries* ; Mortality ; Myocardial Revascularization* ; Myocardium ; Necrosis ; Neutrophils ; New Zealand ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor* ; Survival Rate ; Transplants

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of genetic background between MTHFR C677T genotype and infertile females with polycystic ovarian syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared 86 infertile females with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) with 100 healthy fertile females with one or more offspring. Pyrosequencing analysis for MTHFR C677T variation was performed on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product of study group. To validate pyrosequencing data of C677T variation for randomly selected 50 samples, we compared the pyrosequencing result with the PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) result of MTHFR C677T genotype. RESULTS: The prevalence of the C677T mutant homozygous (TT) was significantly lower (p=0.0085) in females with PCOS (8.14%) than in fertile females (21.00%). MTHFR 677 TT genotype had a decreased risk (3.7-fold) of PCOS compared with wild type (MTHFR 677 CC). CONCLUSION: Our data support a role for MTHFR mutant homozygous (677 TT) genotype in reducing risk in Korean infertile females with Polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Female* ; Genotype ; Humans ; Korea* ; Oxidoreductases* ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence

PURPOSE: Although a few gene-profiling studies with whole renal tissue have been described in experimental diabetic nephropathy, there is only one microarray study using diabetic glomeruli. Furthermore, hypertrophic glomeruli have not been explored. The purpose of this study is to elucidate gene expression profiles of hypertrophic glomeruli in early diabetic nephropathy. METHODS: Forty-male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with diluent (N=20) or streptozotocin intraperitoneally (DM, N=20) and were sacrificed at 6- and 12-week. Glomeruli were isolated by sieving technique. Glomeruli from 125 and 75 m sieves were classified into large (hypertrophic, DM-LG) and small glomeruli (DM-SG), respectively. After RNA extraction, hybridization was performed on the Rat cDNA 5K chip in triplicate, and slides were analyzed. The significant genes were selected using significant analysis of microarray. RESULTS: At 6-week, hierarchical clustering revealed that gene expression profiles of DM-LG were different from those of DM-SG, whereas DM-SG and C glomeruli showed similar gene expression pattern. In contrast, gene expression profiles at 12-week were similar between DM-LG and DM-SG, whereas C glomeruli showed different gene expression pattern from DM glomeruli. At 6-week, a total of 207 genes showed greater than 1.5-fold differential expression. 149 genes were upregulated, whereas 58 were downregulated in DM-LG. On the other hand, differential gene expression greater than 1.4-fold was observed in 37 genes at 12-week, upregulated in 26 and downregulated in 11. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the gene expression profiles of DM-LG are different from DM-SG, and the gene expression patterns change with the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
Animals ; Diabetic Nephropathies* ; DNA, Complementary ; Gene Expression* ; Hand ; Hypertrophy ; Kidney Glomerulus ; Microarray Analysis ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; RNA ; Streptozocin ; Transcriptome

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to elucidate the usefulness of urinary betaig-h3 concentrations in differential diagnosis of isolated microscopic hematuria patients. METHODS: Seventy-seven patients, in whom renal biopsy was performed due to microscopic hematuria without proteinuria, were enrolled. The patients were divided into two groups, IgAN group (patients with IgA nephropathy, N=37) and NM group (patients with normal or minor change on renal biopsy, N=40), and the clinical characteristics and laboratory findings were compared between the two groups. TGF-beta and betaig-h3 concentrations in urine were determined by ELISA and were compared between the two groups. To establish the optimal cut-off value of betaig-h3/creatinine (Cr) ratio for the diagnosis of IgA nephropathy, a receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed and the sensitivity and specificity were calculated. RESULTS: A comparative analysis revealed no significant differences in age and sex ratio between the two groups. There were no differences in serum IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, and C4 levels between the two groups. The urinary betaig-h3/Cr ratio was significantly higher in the IgAN group compared to the NM group (6.632.6 vs. 4.462.6 ng/mg, p<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in the urinary TGF-/Cr ratio between the two groups (14.82.1 vs. 13.75.1 pg/mg, p>0.05). A cut-off betaig-h3/Cr ratio 4.5 has a sensitivity of 85.0% and a specificity of 77.8%. CONCLUSION: The urinary betaig-h3/Cr ratio was a good predictor for the diagnosis of IgA nephropathy. Therefore, renal biopsy should be considered in isolated microscopic hematuria patients with high urinary betaig-h3/Cr ratio.
Biopsy ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; Hematuria* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Proteinuria ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sex Ratio ; Transforming Growth Factor beta

PURPOSE: We investigated whether Cyclosporin A (CsA) had the anti-proteinuric effect in diabetic rats and whether it was associated with the alteration of P-cadherin expression. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with diluent (C, N=16) or streptozotocin intraperitoneally (DM, N=16). Eight rats in each group were treated with 10% ethanol or with 1.5 mg/kg/day of CsA (C+CsA and DM+CsA) for 6 weeks. Immortalized mouse podocytes were cultured in media with 5.6 mM glucose (LG), LG+CsA (10-8 M), LG+TGF-beta1, 30 mM glucose (HG), or HG+CsA. Real time-PCR and Western blot were performed for P-cadherin and TGF-beta1 mRNA and protein expression, respectively, with sieved glomeruli and cell lysates. RESULTS: Urinary albumin excretion was significantly higher in DM compared with C rats, and CsA treatment inhibited the increase in albuminuria in DM rats. Glomerular P-cadherin mRNA and protein expression in DM were decreased compared with C rats, and these decreases were significantly inhibited by CsA. Glomerular TGF-beta1 mRNA and protein expression were higher in DM than C rats, and CsA treatment inhibited the increase in TGF-beta1 expression in DM. P-cadherin mRNA and protein expression in HG and LG+TGF-beta1 podocytes were lower than LG cells, and these HG-induced decrements were restored by CsA. CONCLUSION: CsA treatment reduces urinary albumin excretion in DM rats. P-cadherin expression is decreased under diabetic conditions, which is ameliorated by CsA. In addition, inhibition of the increase in glomerular TGF-beta1 expression under diabetic conditions by CsA seems to restore the P-cadherin expression, resulting in the decrease in albuminuria.
Albuminuria ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cadherins* ; Cyclosporine* ; Diabetic Nephropathies* ; Ethanol ; Glucose ; Mice ; Podocytes* ; Proteinuria ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; RNA, Messenger ; Streptozocin ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1