PURPOSE:Recent studies proposed that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the omega6 series (linoleic acid, LA) compared to the omega 3 series (linolenic acid, LNA) may be a potent promoters of adipogenesis during the gestation/lactation period. Increased ratio of LA/LNA may stimulate adipose tissue development during gestation/lactation period and may subsequently lead to chilhood obesity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate fatty acids composition of the breast milk in Korean lactating women and to analyze the relationship between LA/LNA and the body weight gain of the infants. METHODS:Fifty eight healthy postpartum lactating women and their healthy 58 breast feeding infants were studied. At 11.3+/-3.9 days of postpartum, breast milk were taken and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography with one-step methylation method. RESULTS:The total fat contents in breast milk were 3.2+/-1.3%. The total fat contents in breast milk were not related to maternal BMI or Kaup index of infants. The percentage of PUFA was 24.9+/-6.0%. Among these PUFA, the percentage of LA and LNA was 20.3+/-5.8% and 2.2+/-0.8%, respectively. LA/ LNA ratio was 10.2+/-2.5. There were no significant correlations between LA/LNA ratio and infant weight gain during the first 2 months of life. CONCLUSION: Short term weight gain of infant was not related to the LA/LNA ratio in the breast milk. Further studies on the long term effects on fat percent and body weight of infants would be needed.
Adipogenesis ; Adipose Tissue ; alpha-Linolenic Acid ; Body Weight* ; Breast Feeding ; Breast* ; Chromatography, Gas ; Fatty Acids* ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ; Female ; Humans ; Infant* ; Linoleic Acid ; Methylation ; Milk, Human* ; Obesity ; Postpartum Period ; Weight Gain

Benign tumors of the esophagus occur rarely as compared with the incidence of carcinomas. Among the benign tumors of the esophagus such as leiomyoma, lipoma, hemangioma, papilioma. polyp, cystetc. leiomyoma is the most common, although less than 10 percents of leiomyomas of the gastrointestinal tract are found in the esophagus. Most of leiomyomas of the esophagus present as solitary lesions but multiple tumors occur in about 4 percents of cases. Leiomyomas of the esophagus are diagnosed by thorough clinical evaluation, esophagogram and upper gastrofiberscopic examination but histological confirmation requires surgical or necropsy specimens. Occasionally gastrofiberscopic polypectomized specimens are used. We report one case of multiple leiomyomas of the esophagus located in between 25 cm and 40 cm distance from the incisor in a 38-year-old man who complained of vague substernal discomfort for about 10 years. Gastrofiberscopic polypectomized specimen was used for preoperative histological confirmation. The pathologic examination of the specimen showed leiomyoma of the esophagus.
Adult ; Esophagus* ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Hemangioma ; Humans ; Incidence ; Incisor ; Leiomyoma* ; Lipoma ; Polyps

Graves disease occur in association with myasthenia gravis is rare. We report a case of Graves disease and myasthenia gravis treated by bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy and total thymectomy simultaneously. A 37 year old woman was admitted with anterior neck mass and ptosis. Various examinations were compatible with combined Graves disease and myasthenia gravis. The bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy and total thymectomy were done simultaneously. The pathologic diagnosis was Graves disease and thymic hyperplasia. The patients postoperative course was uneventful. The thyroid function of patient became euthyroid and the clinical symptoms related with myastenia gravis resolved during follow up period.
Adult ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Graves Disease* ; Humans ; Myasthenia Gravis* ; Neck ; Thymectomy* ; Thymus Hyperplasia ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroidectomy*

Chronic atrophic gastritis is a result of chronic inflammation characterized by the replacement of oxyntic and antral gastric glandular structures by connective tissue or by glandular structures inappropriate for location such as metaplastic atrophy. Chronic atrophic gastritis is considered as one of the major risk factors for noncardiac gastric cancer or mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Since chronic inflammation is generally considered to be triggered by Helicobacter pylori infection, many studies have evaluated whether H. pylori eradication therapy could make histologic improvement or reversal. However, it is controversial whether eradication of H. pylori improves atrophy or metaplasia. There has been a lot of conflict, but many previous studies including meta-analyses tend to demonstrate that it is possible that gastric atrophy could be improved after H. pylori eradication in the corpus but not in the antrum. Also, intestinal metaplasia seems to be irreversible even after H. pylori eradication.
Atrophy ; Carbamates ; Connective Tissue ; Gastritis, Atrophic ; Helicobacter pylori ; Inflammation ; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone ; Metaplasia ; Organometallic Compounds ; Risk Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms

Chronic atrophic gastritis is a result of chronic inflammation characterized by the replacement of oxyntic and antral gastric glandular structures by connective tissue or by glandular structures inappropriate for location such as metaplastic atrophy. Chronic atrophic gastritis is considered as one of the major risk factors for noncardiac gastric cancer or mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Since chronic inflammation is generally considered to be triggered by Helicobacter pylori infection, many studies have evaluated whether H. pylori eradication therapy could make histologic improvement or reversal. However, it is controversial whether eradication of H. pylori improves atrophy or metaplasia. There has been a lot of conflict, but many previous studies including meta-analyses tend to demonstrate that it is possible that gastric atrophy could be improved after H. pylori eradication in the corpus but not in the antrum. Also, intestinal metaplasia seems to be irreversible even after H. pylori eradication.
Atrophy ; Carbamates ; Connective Tissue ; Gastritis, Atrophic ; Helicobacter pylori ; Inflammation ; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone ; Metaplasia ; Organometallic Compounds ; Risk Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms

During the microvascular operation, vasospasm can be disastrous because it may cause necrosis of the flap. But we could not fully understand the pathophysiology of contraction of operated vessels. We performed microvascular anastomosis of the femoral artery in the rats and decided the maximum initia tension and intensity of electrical stimulus. At the site of operation, postoperative 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 7th days, we took the samples of vessels including microvascular anastomotic site. Using myometry, we observed the responses of the samples responding to the stimuli and compared the results to that of the other unoperated femoral artery. The contractibility of the artery was increased in the first day and remained continuously until the postoperative 7th days.
Animals ; Arteries ; Femoral Artery* ; Necrosis ; Rats*

PURPOSE: This study was to compare and examine the factors influencing burden of primary family caregivers according to the severity of illness of elderly patients admitted in an intensive care unit. METHODS: Subjects were the families of elderly patients in intensive care units of K, S and Y hospitals in Seoul. Data were collected from March to October 2007. Subjects were 108 persons over age 65. Data were analyzed by SAS statistics. RESULTS: First, groups 5 and 3 showed higher burden than that of group 4. Second, high correlation was found between stress and burden, stress and anxiety, and burden and anxiety. Third, factors influencing family burden were found to be stress for group 5, stress, anxiety, and monthly income for group 4, and stress and patient age for group 3. CONCLUSION: Specific nursing interventions to decrease the stress of primary family caregivers of serious ill elderly patients in an intensive care unit are needed. Additionally, more effective and systematic activation of a long-term medical insurance system for seriously ill seniors is considered necessary to mediate the burden of primary family caregivers.
Aged ; Anxiety ; Caregivers ; Humans ; Insurance ; Critical Care ; Intensive Care Units ; Phenothiazines

Calcium ions are implicated in a variety of physiological functions, including enzyme activity, membrane excitability, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic transmission, etc. Calcium antagonists have been known to be effective for the treatment of exertional angina and essential hypertension. Selective and nonselective voltage-dependent calcium channel blockers also have inhibitory action on the acute and tonic pain behaviors resulting from thermal stimulation, subcutaneous formalin injection and nerve injury. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of iontophoretically applied Ca++ and its antagonists on the responses of WDR (wide dynamic range) cells to sensory inputs. The responses of WDR cells to graded electrical stimulation of the afferent nerve and also to thermal stimulation of the receptive field were recorded before and after iontophoretical application of Ca++, EGTA, Mn++, verapamil, omega-conotoxin GVIA, omega-conotoxin MVIIC and omega-agatoxin IVA. Also studied were the effects of a few calcium antagonists on the C-fiber responses of WDR cells sensitized by subcutaneous injection of mustard oil (10%). Calcium ions and calcium channel antagonists (Mn++, verapamil, omega-conotoxin GVIA & omega-agatoxin IVA) current-dependently suppressed the C-fiber responses of WDR cells without any significant effects on the A-fiber responses. But omega-conotoxin MVIIC did not have any inhibitory actions on the responses of WDR cell to A-fiber, C-fiber and thermal stimulation. Iontophoretically applied EGTA augmented the WDR cell responses to C-fiber and thermal stimulations while spinal application of EGTA for about 20 ~ 30 min strongly inhibited the C-fiber responses. The augmenting and the inhibitory actions of EGTA were blocked by calcium ions. The WDR cell responses to thermal stimulation of the receptive field were reduced by imtophoretical application of Ca++, verapamil, omega -agatoxin IVA, and omega-conotoxin GVIA but not by omega-conotoxin MVIIC. The responses of WDR cells to C-fiber stimulation were augmented after subcutaneous injection of mustard oil (10%, 0.15 ml) into the receptive field and these sensitized C-fiber responses were strongly suppressed by iontophoretically applied Ca++, verapamil, omega-conotoxin GVIA and omega-agatoxin IVA. These experimental findings suggest that in the rat spinal cord, L-, N-, and P-type, but not Q-type, voltage-sensitive calcium channels are implicated in the calcium antagonist-induced inhibition of the normal and the sensitized responses of WDR cells to C-fiber and thermal stimulation, and that the suppressive effect of calcium and augmenting action of EGTA on WDR cell responses are due to changes in excitability of the cell.
Animals ; Calcium Channel Blockers* ; Calcium Channels* ; Calcium* ; Egtazic Acid ; Electric Stimulation ; Formaldehyde ; Hypertension ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Ions ; Iontophoresis ; Membranes ; Mustard Plant ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; omega-Agatoxin IVA ; omega-Conotoxin GVIA ; omega-Conotoxins ; Posterior Horn Cells* ; Rats* ; Spinal Cord ; Synaptic Transmission ; Verapamil

No abstract available.
Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin*

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to evaluate the clinical effects of the recently developed laser surgery in patients who were diagnosed by polysomnography as simple snorers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We operated on 35 patients with apena index of below 5, using CO 2 laser, from June, 1993 through May, 1994 at Yongdong Severance Hospital. For these patients, we carried out before and after assessments of three different kind: first, a follow-up assessment of subjective symptoms, such as snoring, daytime somnolence, nocturnal arousal, and headache; second, a psychodynamic analysis done by a psychiatrist on insomnia and depression: and third, an assessment of subjective atisfaction for 24 weeks following the surgery. RESULTS: Snoring improved in 74.2% of the patients, and daytime somnolence improved in 80.0% of the patients. Nocturnal arousal showed improvement in all the subjects whereas headache showed improvement in 66. 7% of the patients. In the psychodynamic analysis, insomnia as observed in 22.9% of the subjects, showing significant improvemnt. However, depression didn't improve significantly. Subjecive satisfaction of the surgery was noted to be the greatest at the fouth week of the operation but it gradually decreased thereafter. The most common postoperative complication was foreign body sensation (31.4%), which disappeared spontaneously within 3 to 6-months of the operation. CONCLUSION: Laser snoring surgery in simple snorers is found to be an effective method to lessen snoring. However, patients should be informed beforehand that this method of surgery may not fully meet their expectations.
Arousal ; Depression ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foreign Bodies ; Headache ; Humans ; Laser Therapy* ; Polysomnography* ; Postoperative Complications ; Psychiatry ; Sensation ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders ; Snoring