PURPOSE:Bone mineral mass increases with age, weight and pubertal development. Several factors influence the process of bone mineralization, and evaluation of bone mineral density(BMD) in children gives important clue to the different mechanisms of bone mass accumulation. To investigate the abnormality in bone mineralization, the normal range of bone mineral content in healthy children should be understood. The pattern, time and velocity in the decrease of bone mineral contents depend on disease entities. Because the ratio of trabecular and cortical bones and turn-over rates differ in each bone, it is needed to make normal data for trabecular and cortical bones respectively in children. METHODS:In 75 children(40 boys) with normal growth and development, BMD was measured with XR26 Bone densitometry using DEXA. The BMD of trabecular bone was obtained at lumbar spine at 2-4 level, and that of cortical bone was measured at femur neck. RESULTS:The BMD of trabecular bone increased with age without sexual difference. But the BMD of cortical bone was higher in male significantly at 8-9 and 10-11 yr of age. In both male and female, the BMD of trabecular and cortical bones correlated positively with age, bone age, height, weight, and body surface area. CONCLUSION: With this data, the changes in BMD affected by several diseases could be assessed.
Body Surface Area ; Bone Density* ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Child* ; Densitometry ; Female ; Femur Neck ; Growth and Development* ; Humans ; Male ; Reference Values ; Spine

No abstract available.
Benzodiazepines* ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid* ; Receptors, GABA-A*

No abstract available.
Depression* ; Immune System* ; Psychoneuroimmunology* ; Schizophrenia*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is the most common cancer of the genitourinary tract in Korea and its prognosis is determined by the histologic grade and clinical stage present at initial diagnosis. Recently, an extensive search for a more objective and reproducible method to evaluate the proliferation activity of cancer cells has been done. The p53 gene is located on the short arm of the chromosome 17 and acts as a cancer suppressor gene. Mutant p53 gene induces malignant transformation. Recent studies reveal that the level of mutant p53 protein is elevated in some human tumor and many diverse transformed cell lines. Heat shock proteins(HSPs) are present constitutively in normal cells, where they play an important role in normal cell metabolism. In mammalian cells, they are induced by a variety of physical and chemical stimuli. A protein that belongs to the hsp70 family, called hsc70, is only slightly heat inducible and is found at a higher level in growing cells than in the resting cells. The mutant p53 protein binds with hsc70 and the p53-hsc70 complex has functional significance in the transforming capacity of the mutant p53. We investigated the correlation between the p53 and hsc70 by immunohistochemical methods and with better defined prognostic indicators such as histologic grade, clinical stage, and DNA ploidy pattern in 42 transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder. The results are summarized as follows. p53 expression rate was higher in the DNA aneuploid group than in the DNA diploid group(p=0.061), but there was no significant difference in the histologic grade(p=0.861) or clinical stage(p=0.154). The higher the hsc70 expression rate was, the poorer the tumor differentiation(p=0.000) and the deeper the invasion(p=0.001). The aneuploid group showed a higher hsc70 expression rate than the diploid group(p=0.017). 27 of 42(64.3%) carcinomas showed positivity of both p53 and hsc70. Though statistically insignificant, their correlation showed a relatively low correlation coefficient (P=0.059). In conclusion, we suspect that p53 and hsc70 are closely correlated to each other by comparing the results of this immunohistochemical study, and hsc70 will be a useful prognostic marker in transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder after sufficient follow up studies are performed.
Humans ; Follow-Up Studies ; Genes, p53

No abstract available.
Blood Group Antigens*

PURPOSE: With the increase of foreigners using Korea health facilities, it is important for nurses to be culturally competent. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a cultural competence educational program on the cultural competence of nursing students. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study with a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design was used. For the experimental group there were 42 participants from one school and for the control group, 40 from another school. The experimental group participated in the 14 week multicultural nursing education program while the control group participated later after the experiment was finished. Data were collected using self-report structured questionnaires prior to the intervention and right after the intervention, and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, χ² test, and independent t-test with SPSS 18.0 program. RESULTS: The experimental group reported significant positive changes for cultural knowledge (t=3.99, p<.001), cultural awareness (t=3.92, p<.001), cultural acceptance (t=2.25, p=.027), and cultural competence behaviors (t=4.30, p<.001) compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that the cultural competence educational program developed by the researchers is effective in raising the level of cultural knowledge, cultural awareness, cultural acceptance, and cultural competence behaviors of nursing students.
Cultural Competency* ; Education, Nursing ; Emigrants and Immigrants ; Health Facilities ; Humans ; Korea ; Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Nursing* ; Students, Nursing* ; Transcultural Nursing

PURPOSE: This methodological study was conducted to develop and test a cultural competence scale for nursing students. METHODS: Based on the five constructs of cultural competency identified in the conceptual analysis of Suh, 76 items for the tool were derived initially. These items were reduced to 58 items after content validity tests (two times) by 6 multicultural experts. Data collected from 526 nursing students were utilized to test the validity and reliability of the preliminary tool. Item analysis, factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficients, and Cronbach's alpha were used for the analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-seven items were selected for the final scale, and categorized into 5 factors explaining 62.1% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha was .91 and the reliability of the subscales ranged from .76 to .91. Criterion validity between the developed tool and empathy (r=.26, p <.001) was significant. CONCLUSION: The results show that this scale can provide scientific and empirical data when evaluating the effectiveness of school curriculums or multicultural empowerment programs regarding cultural competence of nursing students.
*Cultural Competency ; Cultural Diversity ; Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate ; Empathy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Program Development ; Students, Nursing/*psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

There are some errors in the published article. The authors would like to make corrections in the original version of the article.