OBJECTIVES: Alzheimer's disease(AD) and mild cognitive impairment(MCI) affect several nervous structures involved with the autonomic nervous system. Association between neuropsychiatric deficits and heart rate variability has been observed. But cardiac autonomic function in AD has been scarcely studied and the results reported are conflicting. We investigated autonomic function in normal control, MCI, AD using heart rate variabil-ity(HRV) technique. METHODS: Time and frequency-domain variability of 5-min R-R interval series was comparatively evaluated in 26 normal control subjects, 22 MCI subjects and 34 AD subjects. Analysis of variance(ANOVA) was used to compare the differences across groups. Correlations between MMSE-KC and HRV components were performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: No significant difference was observed among the groups in time, frequency-domain analysis of HRV (p>0.05). HRV were not found to be significantly correlated with the degree of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in HRV with MCI, AD subjects when compared with normal controls. Further investigation is required to use HRV technique as noninvasive parameters of MCI and AD.
Alzheimer Disease ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Heart ; Heart Rate ; Mild Cognitive Impairment

As South Korea becomes a super-aged society by 2025, the number of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasing rapidly. PD is characterized by motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, and non-motor symptoms, such as depression, cognitive impairment, and autonomic nervous system disorders. The pathophysiology of dysphagia in PD is a complex interplay of motor disorders caused by dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia and the involvement of the brainstem swallowing center and the peripheral nerve system affected by the PD pathology. Dysphagia in PD presents difficulties in taking medications, contributes to malnutrition and dehydration, and reduces the overall quality of life. Despite dysphagia being a prevalent problem in PD, a significant number of patients remain unaware of the swallowing difficulties. Therefore, healthcare practitioners need to understand dysphagia in PD, consider early screening and objective evaluations, and proactively implement swallowing treatment and compensatory therapy as needed. This review examines the pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, screening and diagnosis, and severity assessment of dysphagia in PD.

As South Korea becomes a super-aged society by 2025, the number of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasing rapidly. PD is characterized by motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, and non-motor symptoms, such as depression, cognitive impairment, and autonomic nervous system disorders. The pathophysiology of dysphagia in PD is a complex interplay of motor disorders caused by dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia and the involvement of the brainstem swallowing center and the peripheral nerve system affected by the PD pathology. Dysphagia in PD presents difficulties in taking medications, contributes to malnutrition and dehydration, and reduces the overall quality of life. Despite dysphagia being a prevalent problem in PD, a significant number of patients remain unaware of the swallowing difficulties. Therefore, healthcare practitioners need to understand dysphagia in PD, consider early screening and objective evaluations, and proactively implement swallowing treatment and compensatory therapy as needed. This review examines the pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, screening and diagnosis, and severity assessment of dysphagia in PD.

As South Korea becomes a super-aged society by 2025, the number of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasing rapidly. PD is characterized by motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, and non-motor symptoms, such as depression, cognitive impairment, and autonomic nervous system disorders. The pathophysiology of dysphagia in PD is a complex interplay of motor disorders caused by dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia and the involvement of the brainstem swallowing center and the peripheral nerve system affected by the PD pathology. Dysphagia in PD presents difficulties in taking medications, contributes to malnutrition and dehydration, and reduces the overall quality of life. Despite dysphagia being a prevalent problem in PD, a significant number of patients remain unaware of the swallowing difficulties. Therefore, healthcare practitioners need to understand dysphagia in PD, consider early screening and objective evaluations, and proactively implement swallowing treatment and compensatory therapy as needed. This review examines the pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, screening and diagnosis, and severity assessment of dysphagia in PD.

As South Korea becomes a super-aged society by 2025, the number of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasing rapidly. PD is characterized by motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, and non-motor symptoms, such as depression, cognitive impairment, and autonomic nervous system disorders. The pathophysiology of dysphagia in PD is a complex interplay of motor disorders caused by dopamine deficiency in the basal ganglia and the involvement of the brainstem swallowing center and the peripheral nerve system affected by the PD pathology. Dysphagia in PD presents difficulties in taking medications, contributes to malnutrition and dehydration, and reduces the overall quality of life. Despite dysphagia being a prevalent problem in PD, a significant number of patients remain unaware of the swallowing difficulties. Therefore, healthcare practitioners need to understand dysphagia in PD, consider early screening and objective evaluations, and proactively implement swallowing treatment and compensatory therapy as needed. This review examines the pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, screening and diagnosis, and severity assessment of dysphagia in PD.

We performed a histopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 23 cases of surgically resected large cell undifferentiated carcinoma(LCUC) of the lung. The relative incidence of LCUC was 7.6% among the total resected cases of primary lung cancer over 7 years(1987-1993). The mean age of the patients was 56 years and 21 cases were male. The mean size of the mass was 5 cm and 11 cases were located peripherally. According to the histologic features, LCUC could be divided into three groups: squamous cell carcinoma-like(6 cases), adenocarcinoma-like(13 cases), and small cell carcinoma-like(4 cases) groups. The histologic differences were related to the variations of the immunohistochemical properties, but there were no differences in prognosis among these groups. Immunoreactivity to cytokeratin(CAM 5.2) was demonstrated in 22/23(96%). Carcinoembryonic antigen was positive in 13/23(57%). Neuron specific enolase and chromogranin were positive in 11/23(48%) and 5/23(22%), respectively. Vimentin was seen in 11/23(48%). From these observations, we could subclassify them by their immunologic phenotypes; exocrine features in 6/23(26%), neuroendocrine(NE) features in 4/23(17%), both exocrine and NE phenotypes in 7/23(30%), and 6 cases(26%) showed neither phenotype. The group with NE features showed a worse prognosis(P<0.05) and immunoreactivity for vimentin was also related to a worse prognosis(P<0.05). These findings imply that the immunohistochemical properties of LCUC are closely related to the histopathologic features. The groups, subdivided by histology and immunoreactivity, showed no prognostic difference except for the NE differentiation and reaction for vimentin.
Incidence ; Lung Neoplasms

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to analyse the content of health-textbooks in elementary school in order to offer the basic data required for development or revision of health-textbook for elementary school. METHODS: This study was methodological study of the content of health-textbooks. The study sample consisted of 10 health-textbooks of elementary school which were edited in 2009~2010. The components of contents divides into holistic analysis and specific areas. RESULTS: One textbook was no introductory remarks and 2 textbooks were no preface. The health-textbooks consisted of 7 areas and were comprehensive for school education. The proportion of each was different in 10 textbooks. Sexuality and health was accounted for the largest portion of the seven areas in both the fifth and sixth grade. However, given that the mortality rate for the child's safety accidents is higher than in developed countries, the proportion of accident prevention and first aid can be relatively weak area. CONCLUSION: It is essential that health-textbooks empower schoolers to make healthy decisions through the promotion of useful life skills that provide a more integrated concept of health. Therefore, there is a need for approaches to health textbook to integrate more values of health.
Accident Prevention ; Developed Countries ; Education ; First Aid ; Humans ; Methods ; Mortality ; Sexuality

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight* ; Critical Care*

We report a case of recurrent herpes genitalis in a 5-year-old girl which was considered to result from childhood sexual abuse. The skin lesion was an eroded erythematous macule with overlying multiple vesicles on the labia majora. We detected Herpes simplex virus DNA by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a biopsy specimen from the vesicular lesion.
Biopsy ; Child, Preschool ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ; DNA ; Female ; Herpes Genitalis* ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sex Offenses* ; Simplexvirus ; Skin

We report a case of recurrent herpes genitalis in a 5-year-old girl which was considered to result from childhood sexual abuse. The skin lesion was an eroded erythematous macule with overlying multiple vesicles on the labia majora. We detected Herpes simplex virus DNA by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a biopsy specimen from the vesicular lesion.
Biopsy ; Child, Preschool ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 ; DNA ; Female ; Herpes Genitalis* ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sex Offenses* ; Simplexvirus ; Skin