As the use computed tomographic (CT) scanning spread, the diagnosis of blowout fractures of the medial orbital wall increased. Now, the diagnosis of blowout fracture in the medial wall are not uncommon. Conventionally, the surgery of blowout fractures in medial orbital wall was performed by the various approach with external incision. The conventional method had seveal possible disadvantages, including an external scar, incomplete reduction, increased mobidity rate and general anesthesia. Recently, endoscopic reconstruction of the medial orbital wall has provided good functional and cosmetic results. We performed endoscopic transnasal reduction surgery without external incision in 12 cases of medial blowout fracture under local anesthesia. The fractured bony fragments were removed after the intranasal ethmoidectomy and the entrapped medial rectus was released. And then a sheet of silicone late or uncinate process were placed on the fracture site. For the maintain of the position of fractured wall, Merocel packing or urinary ballon catheter were used in orbital fracture site for 1-3 weeks. There were no specific complications related to this procedure. Result of the surgery in all cases were satisfactory. In this article, we discussed the surgical procedure, the benifit of the transnasal endoscopic approach, the indications for surgery, and possible comlications.
Anesthesia, General ; Anesthesia, Local ; Catheters ; Cicatrix ; Diagnosis ; Orbit* ; Orbital Fractures ; Silicones

We report a 18 years old man of brainstem encephalitis with acute ataxia, areflexia and gaze evoked vertical and horizontal nystagmus which is mimicking Miller Fisher syndrome. He had evidences of both peripheral neuropathy in nerve conduction studies and a brainstem encephalitis in MR findings. The possible relationship of the Miller Fisher syndrome and brainstem encephalitis are discussed with brief review of literature.
Adolescent ; Ataxia ; Brain Stem* ; Encephalitis* ; Humans ; Miller Fisher Syndrome* ; Neural Conduction ; Nystagmus, Pathologic ; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases

High dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy can improve the clinical course of several immune mediciated diseases. We evaluated clinical effects and side effects of IVIg in Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). 19 Patients with GBS were studied prospectively in a placebo-controlled trial. 11 Patients were received high dose IVIg (400mg/kg for 5 days) and controls received only conservative treatment. The disability scores using modified Rankin scores before and after treatment of each group were compared. Four weaks later, mean Rankin Score of IVIg group was 2.5 + 0.7 and control group was 3.3+ 0.5which showed significant difference(p<0.05). There were no serious advers effer of promote early improvement with safety in acute phase of Guillan-Barre syndrome.
Guillain-Barre Syndrome* ; Humans ; Immunization, Passive* ; Immunoglobulins* ; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous ; Prospective Studies

We herein report a case of intractable epilepsy that occurred in a 7-year-old girl, which is consistent with radiological and clinicopathological hallmarks of Rasmussen's encephalitis. The patient showed characteristic primary unilateral involvement with secondary bilateral propagation. Microscopically, the cortical atrophy due to neuronal loss, intense GFAP-immunoreactive astrogliosis, neuronophagia, perivascular lymphocytic infiltration and microglial nodules was seen throughout the cortex and white matter. No viral inclusions were noted; no cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus or Epstein-Barr virus was found by in situ hybridization. Granular immunofluorescence for C4, C1q and IgG within the blood vessel walls was noted, and ultrastructurally, only nonspecific vascular injury was found. Rasmussen's encephalitis is a diagnosis of exclusion; it can be diagnosed by the combination of clinical manifestation, neuroimaging and characteristic pathologic features.
Atrophy ; Blood Vessels ; Child ; Cytomegalovirus ; Diagnosis ; Encephalitis* ; Epilepsy ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization ; Microscopy, Electron ; Neuroimaging ; Neurons ; Simplexvirus ; Vascular System Injuries

The present study was designed to examine the effect of d-amphetamine on CA release from the isolated perfused model of the rat adrenal gland, and to establish its mechanism of action. D- amphetamine (10~100microM), when perfused into an adrenal vein of the rat adrenal gland for 60 min, enhanced the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32x10-3 M), excess K+ (5.6x10-2 M, a membrane depolarizer), DMPP (10-4 M, a selective neuronal nicotinic Nn-receptor agonist) and McN-A-343 (10-4 M, a selective M1-muscarinic agonist) only for the first period (4 min), although it alone has weak effect on CA secretion. Moreover, d-amphetamine (30microM) in to an adrenal vein for 60 min also augmented the CA release evoked by BAY-K-8644, an activator of the dihydropyridine L-type Ca2+ channels, and cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic Ca2+ ATPase only for the first period (4 min). However, in the presence of high concentration (500microM), d-amphetamine rather inhibited the CA secretory responses evoked by the above all of secretagogues. Collectively, these experimental results suggest that d-amphetamine at low concentrations enhances the CA secretion from the rat adrenal medulla evoked by cholinergic stimulation (both nicotininc and muscarinic receptors) as well as by membrane depolarization, but at high concentration it rather inhibits them. It seems that d-amphetamine has dual effects as both agonist and antagonist at nicotinic receptors of the isolated perfused rat adrenal medulla, which might be dependent on the concentration. It is also thought that these actions of d-amphetamine are probably relevant to the Ca2+ mobilization through the dihydropyridine L-type Ca2+ channels located on the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cell membrane and the release of Ca2+ from the cytoplasmic store.
(4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride ; 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester ; Adrenal Glands ; Adrenal Medulla* ; Amphetamine ; Animals ; Calcium-Transporting ATPases ; Chromaffin Cells ; Cytoplasm ; Dextroamphetamine* ; Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide ; Membranes ; Neurons ; Rats* ; Receptors, Nicotinic ; Veins

Objectives: . Deep neck infections (DNIs) can cause life-threatening complications, and prompt diagnosis and management are necessary. Kawasaki disease (KD) may be accompanied by deep neck inflammation; making it difficult to distinguish from DNIs. This study was performed to evaluate clinical features and outcomes of children with parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal inflammation. Methods: . Medical records of the children diagnosed with parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal cellulitis or abscess using cervical computed tomography (CT) between 2013 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: . A total of 47 children were diagnosed with parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal inflammation. Eleven (23.4%) of them were eventually diagnosed with KD, and 36 (76.6%) were diagnosed with DNIs. There were no significantly different clinical and laboratory characteristics on admission between children diagnosed with KD and DNIs; however, significantly more children with KD were febrile for ≥3 days after admission compared to those with DNIs (P=0.009). Deep neck abscesses on CT were observed in 16 children with DNIs (44.4%) and in no child with KD (P=0.009). Among the 36 children with DNIs, 30 (83.3%) were cured with antibiotic therapy only. Conclusion . A quarter of children presenting with deep neck inflammation were diagnosed with KD. KD should be considered in children showing deep neck inflammation unresponsive to empirical antibiotic therapy after 3 days, especially in those presenting with deep neck cellulitis rather than deep neck abscess.

PURPOSE: To evaluate in reperfused myocardial infarction in a cat model, the time-course of signal enhancement as seen on Gadomer-17 enhanced MRI, and to correlate the size of the enhanced area with that of the infarct area as revealed by on histochemical examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five cats which had undergone occlusion of the LAD followed by reperfusion underwent MR imaging. After T2-weighted imaging, Gadomer-17 enhanced T1-weighted images were obtained in four cats during a six-hour period, and in one during a three-hour period. Signal intensities were measured in the enhanced and non-enhanced areas of enhanced T1-weighted images. and using 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) histochemical staining, the size of the abnormal signal area on each image was compared with that of the infarct area. RESULT: The enhanced area seen on enhanced T1-weighted images showed rapidly increased signal intensity following the administration of Gadomer-17. Maximum enhancement was detected during a 40 -60 minutes period, with an average enhancement of 168 +/-9.9% of normal myocardium. TTC staining revealed that the size of the high signal area on T2-weighted images and of the enhanced area on enhanced T1-weighted images was greater than that of the infarct area (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: In reperfused myocardial infarction in a cat model, Gadomer-17 enhanced MR imaging delineates both reversibly and irreversibly damaged myocardium, with strong enhancement and a broad temporal window. We may therefore expect that Gadomer-17 is useful for demonstrating myocardial injury.
Animals ; Cats* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Myocardium ; Reperfusion

BACKGROUNDS/AIMS: Early colorectal cancer is defined as carcinoma with invasion to mucosa or submucosa irrespective of involvement of lymph node. Gross morphology is divided into elevated and depressed type according to growth pattern. Until now, carcinomas with elevated type have been found more frequently than depressed type in Korea. It is necessary to classify the macroscopy of morphology and evaluate histo-pathologic findings of early colorectal cancers. METHODS: 33 patients (35 foci) with early colorectal cancers were analyzed, macroscopically and pathologically. Early colorectal carcinoma with mucosal invasion is 25 cases, and with submucosal invasion, 10. RESULTS: Macroscopic classification: Ip 12, Isp 6, Is 9, IIa 1, IIa IIc 4, Isp IIc 1, LST 2. Among them, Ip (34%) is most. Among cancers with mucosal invasion, Ip (36%) is common, and with submucosal invasion, Is (40%) is common. Most of early colorectal cancers with elevated type were accompanied with surrounding adenoma. It's ratio is 100% in early colorectal cancer with mucosal invasion, and 50% with submucosal invasion. CONCLUSIONS: Pedunculated type (Ip) is common in early colorectal cancer with elevated type. Surrounding adenoma was usually (85%) accompanied with those. It is suggested that early colorectal cancer with elevated type would be originated from adenoma.
Adenoma ; Classification* ; Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Mucous Membrane

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of cardiac MRI in the diagnosis of clinically suspected arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February 1991 and January 1999, 15 patients [M:F=13:2, aged 2 -60 (mean, 37 -7) years] with clinically suspected ventricular arrhythmia due to unknown causes underwent MR imaging. Using a CP body array coil and the single slice breath hold technique, ECG-gated T1-weighted images were obtained. In all patients, these were acquired transaxially from the diaphragm to the aortic arch and along the true short and long axis, and in two, coronal images were obtained. On the basis of clinical and MRI diagnostic criteria, ARVD was classified as one of four types. The significance of differences in diagnostic grades between clinical and MRI criteria was determined using Wilcoxon's signed rank test. RESULTS: According to both clinical and MRI criteria, it was highly probable that three of the 15 patients had ARVD. In eleven, both sets of criteria indicated the same diagnostic grade. Wilcoxon's signed rank test indicated no significant differences in diagnostic grades between clinical and MRI criteria (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: For the diagnosis or exclusion of ARVD, MR imaging is a useful modality.
Aorta, Thoracic ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Diagnosis* ; Diaphragm ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging*

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of cardiac MRI in the diagnosis of clinically suspected arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between February 1991 and January 1999, 15 patients [M:F=13:2, aged 2 -60 (mean, 37 -7) years] with clinically suspected ventricular arrhythmia due to unknown causes underwent MR imaging. Using a CP body array coil and the single slice breath hold technique, ECG-gated T1-weighted images were obtained. In all patients, these were acquired transaxially from the diaphragm to the aortic arch and along the true short and long axis, and in two, coronal images were obtained. On the basis of clinical and MRI diagnostic criteria, ARVD was classified as one of four types. The significance of differences in diagnostic grades between clinical and MRI criteria was determined using Wilcoxon's signed rank test. RESULTS: According to both clinical and MRI criteria, it was highly probable that three of the 15 patients had ARVD. In eleven, both sets of criteria indicated the same diagnostic grade. Wilcoxon's signed rank test indicated no significant differences in diagnostic grades between clinical and MRI criteria (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: For the diagnosis or exclusion of ARVD, MR imaging is a useful modality.
Aorta, Thoracic ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Diagnosis* ; Diaphragm ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging*