Objective To explore the fatigue in patients with rheumatic diseases and put forward nursing countermeasures.Methods 173 patients with rheumatic diseases were investigated by Fatigue Scale-14 (FS-14) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS).Results The score of physical fatigue,mental fatigue and total score in the patients were 5.03±2.19,2.62±1.56,7.65±3.03,respectively,which were higher than those in healthy people (P＜ 0.01).Of the 173 patients,74 (42.8％) patients suffered from physical fatigue,52 (30.1％) patients suffered from mental fatigue,32 (18.5％) patients suffered from both.There were statistical differences in the physical fatigue and total score (P ＜ 0.01),no statistical difference in the mental fatigue (P ＞ 0.05) among the groups,which were divided according to the course of disease.There were statistical differences in the physical fatigue,mental fatigue and total score among the groups,which were divided according to the depression index (F=5.28,5.98,8.58,P ＜ 0.01).The regression analysis further showed the course of disease and depression index could positively predict the fatigue in patients with rheumatic diseases.Conclusions The prevalence of fatigue was high in patients with rheumatic diseases,the course of disease and depression influenced the fatigue in patients.Controlling deterioration of disease and relieving psychological stress would help prevent and alleviate the fatigue in patients with rheumatic diseases.

To evaluate percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) with continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions in intensive care unit (ICU) elder patients.A total of 32 elder patients were selected randomly for PDT and 36 controls for traditional surgical tracheostomy (TST).The PDT group required regular mechanical ventilation with continuous aspiration of subglottic secretions.The operative duration was significantly shorter in PDT group than that in TST group [ ( 10.6 ±3.4)vs.(30.9 ±7.1)min,P ＜0.01].Incision length was significantly less in PDT group than that in TST group [ ( 1.3 ± 0.2 ) vs.(3.2 ± 0.3 )cm,P ＜0.01].Blood loss volume was significantly less in PDT group than that in TST group [ ( 10.4 ±3.8 ) vs.(40.7 ± 11.7 ) ml,P ＜ 0.01].The incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) was significantly lower in PDT group than that in TST group ( 15.6％ vs.38.9％,P ＜ 0.05 ).With multiple advantages of mini-invasiveness,safety,simplicity,convenience and easier installation,PDT is quite suitable for elder patients in ICU.

Objective: To study the impact of the residents’ health investment income growth, and analyze rural-urban differences and regional differences. Methods: According to the provincial panel data from 1996 to 2011, two-way fixed effects model ( Two-way FE) is established in empirical analysis. Results: Health investment has positive effects on the income growth of residents, but rural-urban differences and regional differences exist. The health investment income growth effect of rural area is higher than urban, and the effect of western area is higher than the east. Conclusion: While improving the level of urban medical health investment, it needs to focus on health investment in rural and western area. To make the health investment on income growth effect play its work efficiently, and narrow the rural-urban income gap and regional income gap.

Emodin is the main effective monomer of Rhubarb, which has a variety of pharmacological actions and valuable clinical applications.Recently, there are many reports about molecular mechanisms of emodin pharmacological actions,and they givehighly attention on the dephlogisticating and antineoplastic effects. These effects are achieved through affecting the concentration and transportation of ions, resisting of oxidation and free radical, and affecting the secretion of inflammatory factor and the enzyme activity and apoptosis and so on. This article summarizes the reports and hopes to provide theoretical basis for the practical application.

AIM:To investigate LPS(lipopolysaccharide)stimulated cytokine secretion from normal rat kupffer cells in vitro. METHODS: Kupffer cells were isolated from wistar rats liver and cultured. Tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF- α) and endothelin- 1 (ET- 1 ) secreted by LPS stimulated kupffer cells were detected. RESULTS: LPS had an stimulative effect on kupffer cell activity. LPS in definite concentrations promoted kupffer cell secretion. CONCLUSION: LPS promotes kupffer cell secretion, which may be associated with liver injury induced by LPS.

Objective To investigate the effects of FTY720 on retinal photoreceptor cells and microglial following light-induced degeneration in rat retina.Methods 120 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups including FTY720 group,solvent control group,model group and normal group.The rats of normal group were not intervened.The FTY720 group,solvent control group and model group establish retinal light injury mode.FTY720 was injected into abdominal cavity of the rats in FTY720 group 0.5 hours before light exposure.50％ dimethylsulfoxide was injected into abdominal cavity of the rats in solvent control group.The expressions of microglial cells in rat retinal were quantified using flow cytometry,the expressions of interleukin (IL)-1β were examined by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay at 6 hours,1 day,3 days,7 days after light exposure.The apoptosis of retinal photoreceptor cells were measured by terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling at 1 day after light exposure.The morphological change of retinal were viewed by haematoxylin and eosin staining at 7 days after light exposure.Results The expressions of microgilal and IL-1β began to rise at 1 day after light exposure,reached at peak at 3 days and decreased at 7 days.The expressions of IL-1βand microglial in FTY720 group were significantly lower than solvent control group and model group,but higher than normal group (P＜0.05).One day after exposure to light,the apoptosis cell ratio in normal group,model group,solvent control group and FTY720 group were 0,(87.66 ± 2.50) ％,(86.00 ± 2.44) ％,(49.66 ± 2.80) ％.The apoptosis cell in FTY720 group were higher than normal group,lower than solvent control group and model group (P＜0.05).Seven days after exposure to light,the retinal in normal group was structured and the cell was arranged well,the cell in solvent control group and model group was irregular arrangement and the outer nuclear layer (ONL) was thin after light exposure.The thickness of the ONL in FTY720 group was significantly higher than solvent control group and model group,below normal group.Conclusion FTY720 can prevents retinal photoreceptor cells from apoptosis and inhibits activation of microglial.

Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of lung cancer .Radiation-induced lung injury is a major complication in the process of radiotherapy .It is of great significance for the treatment and prog-nosis of the diseases to predict the early stage of radiation -induced lung injury in the clinical treatment .TGF-β1(transforming growthfactor-β1) can induce some inflammatory cells including lymphocytes ,neutrophils,mon-ocytes ect,contributing to the formation of fibrosis .Plasma TGF-β1 shows different levels followed different sta-ges of radiation-induced lung injury .This article reviews the value of cytokine TGF -β1 in predicting the radia-tion-induced lung injury over various aspects such as singlely used ,combined with radiation physics and other cytokines,and genomics.

Erythrocytes were frozen with DMSO of different concentrations (not over 20%) as a cryoprotec-tive agent in freezers of different temperatures.The rate of temperature drop was not controlled. Of the erythrocytes actually frozen, the average recovery rate after thawing was 91.3 per cent (range 87.5~ 95%). The average survival rate of erythrocytes stored at -20℃, -30℃, or -80℃ for up to eight months was 90.9 per cent (range 88.2~ 94.5). As compared with glycerol, which is in common use internationally, DMSO seems to be a better cryoprotective agent.

Weanling rats were divided randomly into two groups: taurine (0.6%) Supplemented group (ST) and taurine-free group (TF) . The water maze was used to measure the effect of the taurine on the ability of learning and remembrance of the rats. Cell culture method was used to investigate the effect of taurine and zinc on fibrocellular proliferation. The results indicated that the ability of learning and remembrance of ST rats were significantly higher than that of the TF rats. The rats of ST group had significantly higher weight of whole brain, cerebral and cerebellum, cerebral zinc, copper, iron and free animo acids than those of the TF. The results of cell culture tests showed that fibroblast could grow very well in 10% calf serum medium even taurine was not added to the medium. However, they would not grow as well as when low level taurine was added.The response was a dose-dependent manner, reaching the maximum at 800?M. But cells viability decreases to 80% of the controls at 51mM taurine. Nevertheless, if a combination of tau-rine and zinc was added, there was a striking inhibitive effect on cell proliferation and showed dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that taur-ine-Zn/taurine might act as a regulator in human cell proliferation.From the above results, it is suggested that taurine may play an important role in brain development.

Objective To investigate the safety and efficacy of intravenous ibandronale in treating glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Methods One hundred and fifty-three glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis patients were randomly divided into three groups: (1)control group (C group, 49 patients). (2) ibandronate group (1 group, 52 patients): Patients received intraveous injection of ibandronate (2 mg)once three mouths. (3)alfacaleidol group (R group, 52 patients): 0.25 ?g Rocaltrol once a day for six months. Each patient of the three groups received a daily 600 mg calcium supplement for six months. The efficacy was assessed by determining the subsequent change in bone mass density (BMD) of lumbar spine and femoral neck, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), serum calcium, serum phosphorus, serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP). Results (1) At the end of the trial, there was a significant increase of BMD of lumbar spine and femoral neck in I group and R group compared with the C group (P