OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of robotic-assisted gait training (RAGT) compared to conventional overground training. METHODS: Sixty patients with motor incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) were included in a prospective, randomized clinical trial by comparing RAGT to conventional overground training. The RAGT group received RAGT three sessions per week at duration of 40 minutes with regular physiotherapy in 4 weeks. The conventional group underwent regular physiotherapy twice a day, 5 times a week. Main outcomes were lower extremity motor score of American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale (LEMS), ambulatory motor index (AMI), Spinal Cord Independence Measure III mobility section (SCIM3-M), and walking index for spinal cord injury version II (WISCI-II) scale. RESULTS: At the end of rehabilitation, both groups showed significant improvement in LEMS, AMI, SCIM3-M, and WISCI-II. Based on WISCI-II, statistically significant improvement was observed in the RAGT group. For the remaining variables, no difference was found. CONCLUSION: RAGT combined with conventional physiotherapy could yield more improvement in ambulatory function than conventional therapy alone. RAGT should be considered as one additional tool to provide neuromuscular reeducation in patient with incomplete SCI.
Gait* ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Prospective Studies ; Recovery of Function ; Rehabilitation ; Robotics ; Spinal Cord ; Spinal Cord Injuries* ; Spinal Injuries ; Walking

Background: Smoking increases total mortality and the risk of complications in patients with diabetes; however, smokers tend to smoke persistently even after the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to analyze risk factors predicting persistent smoking in Korean adults with diabetes. Methods: This study included 265 persistent-smokers and 146 quit-smokers among the participants with diabetes from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were smokers at the time of diagnosis of diabetes and were categorized into two groups according to the change in smoking status between the time of diabetes diagnosis and survey. Factors associated with persistent smoking were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of persistent-smokers with diabetes in this study was 65.3%. After adjusting for covariates, persistent smoking in Korean adults with diabetes was significantly associated with a history of cancer (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.322; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.116–0.889), strength exercise (aOR, 2.753; 95% CI, 1.361–5.566), stress (aOR, 2.036; 95% CI, 1.046–3.950), non-medical treatment for diabetes (aOR, 6.814; 95% CI, 1.661–27.957), and duration of diabetes (aOR, 0.952; 95% CI, 0.919–0.987). Conclusion Identifying the risk factors related to persistent smoking among Korean adults with diabetes can help in developing effective smoking cessation strategies.

Background: Tobacco smoking is associated with several diseases and deaths in older Koreans. This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with smoking cessation in older Koreans. Methods: We selected 579 subjects who started smoking before the age of 65 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018. We excluded the subjects who quit smoking before the age of 65 years, and then categorized the rest of subjects into those who stopped smoking after the age of 65 years and those who are constant smokers. Multivariable logistic analysis was performed to evaluate the factors related to smoking cessation among older Koreans. Results: Among the participants, 66.1% were persistent smokers. After multivariable analysis, the factors significantly associated with smoking cessation were as follows: being in the age group of 75–79 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.12–7.83), being in the age group of 70–74 years (aOR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.72–5.61), a family history of ischemic heart disease (aOR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.09–10.35), and having had no cancer screening (aOR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.18–0.70). Conclusion Further efforts to identify the factors related to smoking cessation will help formulate a smoking cessation policy.

Background: Tobacco smoking is associated with several diseases and deaths in older Koreans. This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with smoking cessation in older Koreans. Methods: We selected 579 subjects who started smoking before the age of 65 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018. We excluded the subjects who quit smoking before the age of 65 years, and then categorized the rest of subjects into those who stopped smoking after the age of 65 years and those who are constant smokers. Multivariable logistic analysis was performed to evaluate the factors related to smoking cessation among older Koreans. Results: Among the participants, 66.1% were persistent smokers. After multivariable analysis, the factors significantly associated with smoking cessation were as follows: being in the age group of 75–79 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 4.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.12–7.83), being in the age group of 70–74 years (aOR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.72–5.61), a family history of ischemic heart disease (aOR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.09–10.35), and having had no cancer screening (aOR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.18–0.70). Conclusion Further efforts to identify the factors related to smoking cessation will help formulate a smoking cessation policy.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is associated with metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and mortality; however, its association with depression in the general population remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated this association in Korea. METHODS: This study included 8,958 and 8,518 subjects from the 2010-2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V-1, 2. The study was restricted to participants > or =20 years of age who had completed the survey, including whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. After exclusion, 7,364 subjects were included in our final analysis. Age was categorized into three groups (20-39, 40-59, and > or =60 years), and subjects were categorized according to their sarcopenic and obesity status. Depression was categorized into three groups (not depressed, depressed, and depression). RESULTS: The sarcopenia group did not have a higher prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms compared to the nonsarcopenia group; the same was true even when obesity was considered. All age groups showed non-significant associations between sarcopenia and depression. In multivariate logistic regression models, no significant associations were observed between sarcopenia and prevalence of depression or depressed symptoms in men and women. CONCLUSION: We found no associations between sarcopenia and the prevalence of depression or depressed symptoms in Korean adults. Future large prospective studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to further assess this relationship.
Absorptiometry, Photon ; Adult* ; Aging ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Depression* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Mortality ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Obesity ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Sarcopenia*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to find out cognitive function of the patients with subjective memory complaint. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From March 1st 2005 to May 31st 2009, 155 normal individuals without any medical illness who visited Yeungnam University Hospital to undergo medical checkup with neurocognitive test was enrolled, and checked by using Cognitive Assessment & Reference Diagnostic System. RESULTS: 107 of the patients had normal cognitive function, 21 patients (about 15%) were diagnosed with dementia, and 10 patients (about 7%) were diagnosed with considerable psychiatric illness, such as depression, anxiety disorder, adjustment disorder. CONCLUSION: Because the patients with subjective memory complaint can be diagnosed as any psychiatric illness as well as dementia, sensitive screening test and early psychiatric approach is needed.
Adjustment Disorders ; Anxiety Disorders ; Dementia ; Depression ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Memory

Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is a demyelinating disorder related to the rapid correction of hyponatremia. It usually affects the pontine area; hence, the name central pontine myelinolysis (CPM). However, it rarely occurs with the correction of hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity and involves extrapontine areas. A 56-year-old chronic alcoholic had been admitted with a history of confusion. He had been in alcohol withdrawal for 4 days. Laboratory examinations showed severe hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity. After serum sodium level was normalized; however, his clinical course did not improve and deteriorated to semicoma progressively. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed abnormal signal intensity in the pontine and extrapontine areas, including the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebral cortices. This is the first case report of combined central pontine and extrapontine demyelination after alcohol withdrawal and correction of hypernatremia in a chronic alcoholic.
Alcoholics* ; Basal Ganglia ; Cerebral Cortex ; Demyelinating Diseases ; Humans ; Hypernatremia* ; Hyponatremia ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Myelinolysis, Central Pontine* ; Sodium ; Thalamus

PURPOSE: This study was conducted in order to investigate the therapeutic effect of closed reduction according to a classification in patients with nasal bone fracture. METHODS: The study was conducted retrospectively on 186 patients with a mean age of 38 years (range: 7 to 80 years). All patients were diagnosed by clinical and radiologic examination, and then classified according to Hwang's classification by computed tomography. The patients were further classified by their age, gender, causes of fracture, operation timing after fracture, concurrent facial bone fracture, and complications. All patients underwent the same reduction and treatment protocol and were then followed up regularly for at least three months. RESULTS: The cause of the fracture was slip down, and the highest prevalence was shown in the 20s. The mean operation timing after fracture was 4.1 days (range: 1 to 14 days), and it tended to be longer in the case of defected septal bone or more severe fracture. The most common concurrent facial bone fracture was orbital blow-out fracture, and zygomaticomaxillary complex and maxillary fracture occured frequently. The largest number of complications occurred in class III and IIBs patients, and the main complication was postoperative pain. CONCLUSION: Results of nasal bone closed reduction on the 186 patients showed that serious complications rarely occurred. Closed reduction is generally an effective treatment for nasal bone fracture. However, in the case of severe concurrent septal bone fracture or comminuted fracture with depression, open reduction should be considered. Further study with a larger number of patients and further classification is required.
Classification ; Clinical Protocols ; Depression ; Facial Bones ; Fractures, Bone ; Fractures, Comminuted ; Humans ; Maxillary Fractures ; Nasal Bone* ; Orbit ; Orbital Fractures ; Orthopedics ; Pain, Postoperative ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies*

PURPOSE: Accurate preoperative detection by radiologic assessment is necessary to specifically identify patients with at least three positive nodes, who can directly undergo axillary lymph node (ALN) dissection, and avoid unnecessary surgical procedures. We evaluated the usefulness of the standardized uptake value (SUV) ratio of ALN in primary breast tumor, using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)/computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to predict the necessity of ALN dissection during breast cancer surgery. METHODS: In this retrospective study we enrolled 316 consecutive patients with invasive breast cancer. The SUV ratio of ALN to primary breast tumor uptake was calculated. Optimal cutoff values were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for predicting the presence of ≥3 ALN metastases. Diagnostic performance of FDG-PET and MRI features for the prediction of ≥3 ALN metastases were determined by sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). A subgroup analysis for FDG-avid tumors was also performed. RESULTS: Of the 316 patients, 36 (11.4%) showed involvement of ≥3 ALNs, with 101 (32%) having at least one metastatic lymph node. Axillary 18F-FDG uptake was positive in 75 patients (23.7%), and the optimal ratio of maximum SUV of axillary lymph node and primary tumor for determining ALN dissection was 0.3. MRI scans revealed suspicious ALN involvement in 147 patients (46.6%). The sensitivity and specificity of MRI detection were 88.9% and 56.2%, respectively, while for SUVLN/T ratio, they were 69.4% and 86.8%, respectively. DOR values for MRI and SUVLN/T ratio were 10.37 and 9.7, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was improved to 0.896 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.817–0.975) for the SUVLN/T ratio in patients with FDG-avid primary tumors (FDG ≥3.9, n=108), but the MRI AUC was worsened (0.681; 95% CI, 0.569–0.793). The DOR, sensitivity, and specificity for the SUVLN/T ratio of FDG-avid cancers were 25.68, 89.0% and 86.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: SUVLN/T ratio outperformed MRI features in predicting the need for ALN dissection in FDG-avid primary breast cancer. PET/CT may be a potential noninvasive diagnostic technique for identifying the presence of ≥3 ALN metastases.
Area Under Curve ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Odds Ratio ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Positron-Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography ; Retrospective Studies ; ROC Curve ; Sensitivity and Specificity

PURPOSE: To characterize associated reactions (ARs) in the contralateral arm across multiple muscles during unimanual tasks and to identify factors related to ARs in children with cerebral palsy (CP).MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study of 35 children with CP. The extent of ARs of the contra-lateral, non-task hand was assessed while performing three unimanual tasks (opening and clenching the fist, a finger opposition task, and tapping fingers). The occurrence of ARs in each trial was evaluated separately for each task using a four-point scale (total scores ranged from 0 to 12). Surface electromyography (SEMG) was used to measure the firing activity of the muscles of the opposite arm during the task. The Manual Ability Classification System and Melbourne Assessment 2 (MA-2) were used to evaluate upper limb function.RESULTS: AR scores were higher in the more-affected limb than in the less-affected limb. SEMG data on the non-task hand showed motor overflow up to the elbow muscles in the more-affected limb. Root mean square ratios of EMG signals were significantly higher in children with ARs than in children without ARs. Multiple regression analysis showed both age and MA-2 to be significant factors related to ARs in the more-affected limb.CONCLUSION: Children with visible ARs showed motor overflow in the non-task limb during unimanual hand tasks. Age and upper limb function were significantly related to the extent of ARs in the more-affected limb of children with CP.
Arm ; Cerebral Palsy ; Child ; Classification ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Elbow ; Electromyography ; Extremities ; Fingers ; Fires ; Hand ; Humans ; Muscles ; Prospective Studies ; Upper Extremity