No abstract available.
Defense Mechanisms*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Gastroenteritis* ; Humans* ; Infant*

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at identifying the etiological background, symptomatic expressions, defense styles and coping strategies related to hahn. METHOD: The subjects were given a questionnaire for demographic data, life experiences and psychological and physical symptoms, Bond's questionnaire of defense style, and Weisman's scale for coping strategies and scales for severity of hahn and hwabyung. The subjects were 110 normal healthy adults and 151 patients with neurotic disorders, diagnosed with ICD-9. RESULTS: More vivid hahn was found in the married women, the less educated, and those from a low socio-economic state. In the area of etiological life experiences, hahn is significantly related with an unhappy and frustrated marital life, unsatisfactory filial Piety, Poor family background, poverty, little education, a hard life since childhood, betrayal, failure in business, personality problems, injustice in society and resignation to fate. Hahn, unresolved and accumulated, was believed to cause various psychological and physical illnesses. In many cases hahn was corhad been dealt with by simple suppression and being dependent on religious faith or sharing and communicating with people. More people considered hahn as one of the etiologies of hwabyung, a chronic anger syndrome. Hahn of patients with hwabyung was more serious than that of those without hwabyung. Symptoms of hahn were - in addition to various symptoms of depression, anxiety and other neurotic conditions or somatization - a mass in the epigastrium, sighing, something pushing-up in the chest, paranoid ideas and hyprochondria sis nor hygochondriacal ideas. On the other hand, hypersensitivity and irritability were less significant. Defense styles and coping strategies related with hahn were somatization, splitting-projection, passive-aggressiveness, incorporation, primitive idealization, stimulus reduction, self-pity and shared-concerns and dependency. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that hahn is an unique emotional condition which is characterized by culture-related somatization symptoms, paranoid ideas and hypochondriasis, in addition to general neurotic symptoms such as depression and anxiety and related somatic symptoms.
Adult ; Anger ; Anxiety ; Commerce ; Depression ; Education ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Hypochondriasis ; International Classification of Diseases ; Life Change Events ; Neurotic Disorders ; Poverty ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Thorax ; Weights and Measures

MR imaging was performed in 40 patients of aortic disease from March 1988 to February 1990. Transverse, coronal and oblique sagital views were obtained with ECG gating and even echo technique using 0.5 T and 2.0 T MR systems. In 12 patients of aortic aneurysm, the location, the size and the extent of aneurysm could be assessed in all cases. In the cases of six abdominal aortic aneurysm, the relation of aneurysm to renal arteries was evaluated. In 18 cases of aortic dissection, the extent of involvement as well as associated abnormalities was well evaluated in all cases. In the 8 cases of congenital aortic anomalies, the vascular anatomy was well demonstrated. However, the abnormalities of major branches could not be assessed with MR imaging especially in 2 cases of Takayasu's arteritis. With our experiences, MR imaging is regarded as a primary diagnostic modality for aortic disease and expected to be developed as the alternative measure to the angiography in the future.
Aneurysm ; Angiography ; Aorta ; Aortic Aneurysm ; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal ; Aortic Diseases* ; Electrocardiography ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Renal Artery ; Takayasu Arteritis

OBJECTIVES: There have been several studies documenting the changing level of the conus throughout infancy and childhood, but there is only a little detailed study that documents the range of conus positions in a living adult population, especially in Korean, without spinal deformity. METHODS: we made a sequential study of magnetic resonance images of the lumbar spine to determine the variation in position of the conus medullaris in 650 living korean adults population without spinal deformity who checked MRI to identify the cause of low back pain. The study population consisted of patients over the age of 16 years. A T1-weighted, midline, sagittal image was reviewed for identifying the postion of conus. This location was recorded in relation to the upper, middle, or lower third of the adjacent vertebral body or the adjacent intervertebral disc. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 305 men(47%) and 345 women(53%) with a mean age 45.9 years(range, 16-79 years). The conus existed commonly at the middle third of L1(131cases, 20.2%), at the L1-2 intervertebral space(129cases, 19.8%), and the lower third of L1(123cases, 18.9%). The mean position of conus was the lower third of L1(range, middle third of T12 to middle third of L3). Conclusions:The mean position of conus was at the lower third of L1(range, middle third of T12 to middle third of L3). This results was same as that of foreign study. Our results of living korean adult population could allow for safe clinical procedures such as lumbar puncture, spinal anesthesia, and help to explain the differences among observed neurologic injuries from fracture-dislocation at the thoracolumbar junction.
Adult* ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Conus Snail* ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; Low Back Pain ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Spinal Puncture ; Spine

PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to identify the CT features helpful in the differential diagnosis of Iobar consolidation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the CT findings in 52 consecutive patients with Iobar consolidation which were proved to be pulmonary tuberculosis(n=24), malignant obstructive pneumonitis due to bronchogenic carcinoma(n=21), and lung abscess(n=7). We retrospectively reviewed CT scans with respect to 1) number of cavities or low attenuation area suggesting necrosis(we described these as cavity), 2) the contour of cavity, 3) enhancement of the cavity wall, 4) enhancement of pleura, 5) small nodules adjacent to the consolidation, 6) similar lesion in other location in lung, 7) air-bronchogram 8) mediastinal lymph node enlargement, and 9) extrapleural change. RESULTS: The helpful CT fingings in the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were multiple cavities(more than three;79.2%), small nodules adjacent to the Iobar consolidation(75.0%), similar lesion in another lobe or lung(91.7%), air-bronchogram(91.7%), and mediastinal lymph node enlargement(58.3%). Although extrapleural change had low sensitivity it was highly specific for pulmonary tuberculosis(sensitivity, 43.5%;specificity, 91. 7%). Multiple cavities(61.9%) and mediastinal lymph node enlargement(52.4%) were common findings of malignant obstructive pneumonitis. In the patients with lung abscess, the common findings were small number of cavities(one or two, 85.7%) and air-bronchogram(85.7%). However, other findings of pulmonary tuberculosis were rarely seen in the patients with malignant obstructive pneumonitis or lung abscess. CONCLUSION: The CT findings of Iobar consolidation may be used as useful adjuncts in the differential diagnosis of Iobar consolidation.
Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Lung Abscess* ; Lung* ; Lymph Nodes ; Pleura ; Pneumonia* ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Tuberculosis* ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

The amniotic band syndrome is a collection of congenital deformities presurmably due to rupture of amniotic sac. It appears to cause fetal injury through three basic mechanisms including malformation, disruption, and deformation. The associated anomalies vary firom minor digital defect to major craniofacial and visceral defects. They can be categorized as neural tube-like defects, craniofacial anomalies, limb anomalies, abdominal and thoracic wall defects, visceral anomalies, and constriction bands. We had expericnced a case of severe congenital craniofacial anomaly due to amniotic bands diagnosed by ultrasonogram in the antenatal period is presented with a brief review of the literatures.
Amniotic Band Syndrome* ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Constriction ; Extremities ; Infant, Newborn ; Rupture ; Thoracic Wall ; Ultrasonography

No abstract available.
Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica* ; Epidermolysis Bullosa*

OBJECTIVE: Surgically removed herniated lumbar disc specimen are immunostained to evaluate the production of MMPs(Matrix metalloproteinases) -1, 2, 3 for the investigation of the possible correlation of MMPs in lumbar disc herniation depending on the types of disc herniation. METHODS: The study population consists of 30 patients with lumbar disc herniation. There were 18 men and 12 women with patient age averaging 43.4 years(19-68years). The types of disc herniation identified at the time of surgery were classified as follow ; protruded type(Group 1, 10cases), extruded type(Group 2, 10cases), sequestrated type(Group 3, 10cases). Immunohistochemical study for the MMPs of the herniated disc tissue was performed and results of staining were graded to examine differences in histology among three types of disc herniation . RESULTS: The MMPs immunopositive cells were increased in old patients but statistically it was not significant(p=0.074). A significantly increased incidence of positive cells for MMP-1, 2 was found in the herniated lumbar disc tissue than the control group(p=0.02) but there were no significant differences among the three types of disc herniation. The MMP-3 positive cells were predominantly detected in the sequestrated disc tissue group(p=0.037) more than other groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the MMP-1, 2, 3 may play important roles in the process of degeneration, herniation, and resorption of the lumbar intervertebral discs and that the MMP-3 may express the severity of lumbar disc herniation and play a role in resorption of the sequestrated disc tissue.
Female ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Incidence ; Intervertebral Disc ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinases*

BACKGROUND: Tracheal extubation can be performed while patients are deeply anesthetized or when they are awake. Each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages. But necessity for deep extubating conditions, and what level of anesthesia is adequately deep, is still controversial. Clinical conditions of patients or the preference of the anesthesiologist has dictated the choice of extubation technique. METHOD: Anesthesia was induced and maintained as usual manners. The 49 healthy children between 3 and 12 year of age undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy were randomly assigned to group 1(extubation at 1 MAC of enflurane) and group 2(awake extubation). SpO2 and airway-related complications(cough, breath-holding, airway obstruction, and laryngospasm) were observed for 5 minutes after extubation with 100% O2 by mask, and SpO2 and heart rate were measured for 90 seconds during transportation to the recovery room with room air breathing. RESULTS: The total incidence of airway-related complications in group 2 were higher than in group 1. However, group 1 showed severer complications than in group 2 such as airway obstruction and laryngospasm. There was no differences between the two groups in SpO2 and heart rate changes with 100% O2 mask just after extubation and during transportation. Group 1 showed higher SpO2 than group 2 upon arrival in the recovery room. CONCLUSION: We concluded that in healthy children undergoing elective oral surgery, airway-related complications are likely to be influenced more by the skill, experience and preference of the anesthesiologist than by the method alone.
Adenoidectomy ; Airway Extubation ; Airway Obstruction ; Anesthesia ; Child* ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Incidence ; Laryngismus ; Masks ; Recovery Room ; Respiration ; Surgery, Oral ; Tonsillectomy ; Transportation