On epidemiological grounds, Anopheles sinensis has been suspected for many years to be the malaria vector in Korea. Of 7,517 dissections of A. sinensis, one specimen was found for the first time in Korea naturally infected with sporozoites in August 1962. Experimental infection of A. sinensis with Plasmodium vivax had been successfully conducted at earlier date.
mosquito-parasitology ; malaria-vector ; arthrooda-Anopheles sinensis ; protozoa-Plasmodium vivax ; epidemiology-Korea

Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (UGIH) in severe dengue represents a clinical dilemma in term of management. The recommended treatment in dengue with UGIH involves blood product transfusion support and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) infusion. Despite being the mainstay of treatment in non-dengue UGIH, the role of endoscopic haemostatic intervention in severe dengue remains controversial. In the present report, we present a case of severe dengue complicated with upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage successfully underwent early therapeutic endoscopic intervention in a district hospital.
Dengue

Calcium ions are implicated in a variety of physiological functions, including enzyme activity, membrane excitability, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic transmission, etc. Calcium antagonists have been known to be effective for the treatment of exertional angina and essential hypertension. Selective and nonselective voltage-dependent calcium channel blockers also have inhibitory action on the acute and tonic pain behaviors resulting from thermal stimulation, subcutaneous formalin injection and nerve injury. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of iontophoretically applied Ca++ and its antagonists on the responses of WDR (wide dynamic range) cells to sensory inputs. The responses of WDR cells to graded electrical stimulation of the afferent nerve and also to thermal stimulation of the receptive field were recorded before and after iontophoretical application of Ca++, EGTA, Mn++, verapamil, omega-conotoxin GVIA, omega-conotoxin MVIIC and omega-agatoxin IVA. Also studied were the effects of a few calcium antagonists on the C-fiber responses of WDR cells sensitized by subcutaneous injection of mustard oil (10%). Calcium ions and calcium channel antagonists (Mn++, verapamil, omega-conotoxin GVIA & omega-agatoxin IVA) current-dependently suppressed the C-fiber responses of WDR cells without any significant effects on the A-fiber responses. But omega-conotoxin MVIIC did not have any inhibitory actions on the responses of WDR cell to A-fiber, C-fiber and thermal stimulation. Iontophoretically applied EGTA augmented the WDR cell responses to C-fiber and thermal stimulations while spinal application of EGTA for about 20 ~ 30 min strongly inhibited the C-fiber responses. The augmenting and the inhibitory actions of EGTA were blocked by calcium ions. The WDR cell responses to thermal stimulation of the receptive field were reduced by imtophoretical application of Ca++, verapamil, omega -agatoxin IVA, and omega-conotoxin GVIA but not by omega-conotoxin MVIIC. The responses of WDR cells to C-fiber stimulation were augmented after subcutaneous injection of mustard oil (10%, 0.15 ml) into the receptive field and these sensitized C-fiber responses were strongly suppressed by iontophoretically applied Ca++, verapamil, omega-conotoxin GVIA and omega-agatoxin IVA. These experimental findings suggest that in the rat spinal cord, L-, N-, and P-type, but not Q-type, voltage-sensitive calcium channels are implicated in the calcium antagonist-induced inhibition of the normal and the sensitized responses of WDR cells to C-fiber and thermal stimulation, and that the suppressive effect of calcium and augmenting action of EGTA on WDR cell responses are due to changes in excitability of the cell.
Animals ; Calcium Channel Blockers* ; Calcium Channels* ; Calcium* ; Egtazic Acid ; Electric Stimulation ; Formaldehyde ; Hypertension ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Ions ; Iontophoresis ; Membranes ; Mustard Plant ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; omega-Agatoxin IVA ; omega-Conotoxin GVIA ; omega-Conotoxins ; Posterior Horn Cells* ; Rats* ; Spinal Cord ; Synaptic Transmission ; Verapamil

PURPOSE: To analyze contrast-enhancement pattern of stomach cancer on dynamic MRI and to verify the efficacy of intravenous contrast agent in the evaluation of stomach cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve patients with proven stomach cancer underwent dynamic MRI, By using 1.0T scanner, we obtained precontrast FLASH images, and 30, 60, 90 second delay FLASH images after intravenous contrast injection. All patients ingested on liter of water and had intramuscluar injection of Buscopan just before MR study. For quantitative analysis we measured signal to noise ratio (S/N) of stomach cancer on each image, and signal difference to noise ratio (SD/N) between cancer and intraluminal fluid, cancer and the pancreas. For qualitative analysis two radiologists evaluated lesion conspicuity on each image by grading system(grade 0, 1, 2, 3: poor, fair, good, excellent). RESULTS: S/N of stomach cancer increased gradually by time(precontrast, 30, 60, 90 second delay:38.7, 42.5, 57.4, 65.7). SD/N between cancer and intraluminal fluid significantly increased after contrast enhancement(1.24, 25.01, 39.30, 45.89). SD/Ns between cancer and the pancreas were 10.5, 9.33, 9.99, 10.66 respectively. In qualitative analysis, precontrast images were better than postcontrast images for delineation of stomach cancer, Postcontrast images showed clear endo-luminal side of stomach cancer, but outer margin of stomach cancer was more distinct on precontrast images. CONCLUSION: Precontrast MR images are better than postcontrast MR images in the depiction of stomach cancer. Intravenous contrast agent is not imperative in the evaluation of stomach cancer.
Butylscopolammonium Bromide ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Noise ; Pancreas ; Signal-To-Noise Ratio ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Water

No abstract available.
Poliomyelitis*

No abstract available.

Excitatory amino acid (EAA) and substance P (SP) have been known to be primary candidates for nociceptive neurotransmitter in the spinal cord, and calcium ions are implicated in processing of the sensory informations mediated by EAA and SP in the spinal cord. In this study, we examined how Ca2+ modified the responses of dorsal horn neurons to single or combined iontophoretical application of EAA and SP in the rat. All the LT cells tested responded to kainate, whereas about 55% of low threshold (LT) cells responded to iontophoretically applied NMDA. NMDA and kainate excited almost all wide dynamic range (WDR) cells. These NMDA- and kainate-induced WDR cell responses were augmented by iontophoretically applied EGTA, but suppressed by Ca2+, Mn2+ verapamil and omega-conotoxin GVTA, effect of verapamil being more prominent and well sustained. Ca2+ and Mn2+ antagonized the augmenting effect of EGTA. On the other hand, prolonged spinal application of EGTA suppressed the response of WDR cell to NMDA. SP had triple effects on the spontaneous activity as well as NMDA-induced responses of WDR cells: excitation, inhibition and no change. EGTA augmented, but Ca2+, Mn2+ and verapamil suppressed the increase in the NMDA-induced responses and spontaneous activities of WDR cells following iontophoretical application of SP. These results suggest that in the spinal cord, sensory informations mediated by single or combined action of EAA and SP can be modified by the change in calcium ion concentration.
Animals ; Calcium* ; Egtazic Acid ; Excitatory Amino Acids* ; Hand ; Ions ; Iontophoresis ; Kainic Acid ; N-Methylaspartate ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; omega-Conotoxins ; Posterior Horn Cells* ; Rats* ; Spinal Cord ; Substance P ; Verapamil

PURPOSE: To report the treatment results of 7 cases of distal radius nonunion with a review of the relevant literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven patients treated with an autoiliac bone graft and rigid internal fixation for nonunion of the distal radius were analyzed retrospectively for the cause of injury, the factors affecting nonunion, radiological findings, treatment method and complications. The results were analyzed radiologically using Kreder's method and functionally using the Anderson' protocols. RESULTS: Union was achieved in all cases after a mean period of 19 weeks. The functional result of treatment at the last follow-up was excellent in 4 cases and satisfactory in 3 cases. The probable factors of nonunion were instability of the fracture site in three cases, type II or III open fracture in 2 cases, postoperative infection in one case and idiopathic in one case. CONCLUSION: Infection control using a stepwise operation, rigid internal fixation and autogenous iliac bone graft showed satisfactory results in distal radius nonunion, which had developed in those with severe open fractures, postoperative infection, instability on the fracture site and associated distal ulnar fracture.
Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Open ; Humans ; Infection Control ; Radius ; Retrospective Studies ; Transplants

The 86 strains of field rodents captured in Chollanamdo were analyzed its infection rates of Orientia tsutsugamushi by nested PCR. The detection rate of O. tsutsugamushi was 14.3 % in A. agrarius whereas O. tsutsugamushi could not be detected in C. lasiura. In locality, the rodents captured in the mountainous area showed higher detection rate than suburban area. In the case of detection rate by organs, the spleen was most appropriate specimen, but in two cases, O. tsutsugamushi could be detected in only kidney specimens. The major serotype of detected O. tsutsugamushi was serotype Karp, but four cases were serotype Boryong. These serotypes were confirmed by nucleotide sequence determination of amplified PCR products. In conclusion, the serotype Karp was the major O. tsutsugamushi in Chollanamdo.
Base Sequence ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Jeollanam-do* ; Kidney ; Orientia tsutsugamushi* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Rodentia* ; Spleen

PURPOSE: The solid variety of cerebella r tumors in adult is relatively uncommon. This study is to describe the characteristic MR findings of various solid cerebellar tumors in adult. METHODS: Twenty three cerebellar solid tumors from 22 consecutive patients over age of 15 with surgical confirmations were retrospectively evaluated with MR imaging. H istologic diagnosis included hemangioblastoma (n=6), metastasis (n=6), high-grade astrocytoma (n=3), and medulloblastoma (n=8). The MR findings were reviewed with attention to the size, the signal intensity of the tumors, pattern of enhancement, tumoral margin, degree of peritumoral edema, signal void vascular structures within and/or around the tumor, and location in relation to attachment to the pial surface of the tumor. RESULTS: Solid hemangioblastomas consistently showed slightly low or iso signal intensity on T1 -weighted images and high intensity on T2-weighted images, dense homogeneous enhancement, and signal void vessels within and/or around the mass. Metastatic tumors showed various find ings with predominantly low or iso signal intensity on T2-weighted images. Medulloblastomas was midline and/or paramidline in location, and had larger mass formation. High-grade astrocytomas revealed nonspecific MR findings with no signal void vessels. CONCLUSION: Hemangioblastoma, metastasis, malignant astrocytoma, and medulloblastoma should be included in differential diagnosis of solid cerebellar tumors in adult. Dense homogeneous enhancement and signal void vessels are characteristic of hemangioblastoma. The signal intensity of the tumor, and presence of signal void vessels, location and enhancement pattern can be some value in differential diagnosis of solid cerebellar tumors in adult.
Adult* ; Astrocytoma ; Cerebellar Neoplasms* ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Edema ; Hemangioblastoma ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Medulloblastoma ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Retrospective Studies