Objective To know about the current status and developing trends of the nurse drug prescription of foreign countries.In order to Provide reference for China.Methods All literatures related to nurse drug prescription in 1981-2011,were searched in the PubMed database.then use Microsoft Excel to sort and analyze the database.Including the database's Annual distribution,SCI publication status,Journal distribution and main content.Results From 1981 t0 2011,515 articles related to nurse drug prescription were collected totally.The number of publications and the collaboration status increased in recent years approximately.The main content include status in quo,laws and regulations,Policy support as well as education and training and so on.Conclusion The foreign countries have implemented nurse drug prescription for a long time,laying emphasis on the Policy,management,education and practice every aspect of nurse drug prescription,and its development degree Is increasing year by year.So that they can Provide a good reference for China.

Objective: To observe the therapeutical effect of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) on pulmonary edema after seawater drowning in rabbits.Methods:Fourteen seawater lavage induced pulmonary edema New Zealand rabbits models were assigned to receive IPPV treatment.Blood gas analysis, pulmodynamics, hemodynamics status and serum tumor necrosis factor(TNF ?) were monitored at various time points.After 3 h ventilation rabbits of each group were killed to gain lung tissues for pathology examination, and lung lavage fluid was analyzed to count leukocytes.Results:PaO 2 significantly increased after the use of ventilation in pulmonary edema rabbits models ( P

Twenty-four patients with parapharyngeal space tumors were treated from 1964 to 1999.There were 11 males and 13 females,ranging in age from 10 to 71 years old.Among 24 patients, benign tumors were 17(70.8%),malignant tumors 7(29.2%).The diagnosis of these tumors were biopsy and CT scaning .Pathologic results showed that the original tumors were salivary gland tissue in 11(45.8%),cranial nerve in 7(29.2%),vascular tissue in 2(8.3%)and the unidentified in 4(16.7%).The surgical approaches for these tumors were neck side incision in 19,through mouth in 5.Results showed that 4 malignant tumors were died in one year,3 cases did not clear;the prognosis of 17 benign tumors were well.

Objective To explore the diagnostic and therapeutic effects of laparoscopy for early atypical tubal pregnancy.Methods Laparoscopy was conducted for diagnosing and treating 38 cases of early or atypical tubal pregnancy.For patients with blue and purple pregnant swellings seen clearly in the fallopian tubes,or those with one side of fallopian tube locally swollen and purple without obvious pregnant swellings observed,combination of fallopian tubes incision to take out embryo and salpingorrhaphy was performed.For those cases with normal fallopian tubes on both sides in appearance and without current desire of pregnancy,diagnostic uterine curettage was applied.After the diagnosis of tubal pregnancy was confirmed,30 mg of MTX was injected into ampulla of both sides.For patients with demand of reproduction,diagnostic uterine curettage was not performed.Results Five cases were misdiagnosed before operation,the misdiagnosis rate was 13%.Three cases were misdiagnosed by laparoscopy,and the rate was 8%.Fallopian tubes incision for embryo-taking under laparoscope combined with salpingorrhaphy were applied to 30 cases.Four cases were treated conservatively with injecting 30 mg of MTX into the fallopian tubes.The success rate was 100%.Blood ?-hCG was back to the normal level(4.2?3.1)days after surgery.Conclusions Laparoscopy is the optimal technique for the diagnosis and treatment of early atypical tubal pregnancy.

Objective Toinvestigatetheclinicalfeaturesandsurgicalprognosisofmoyamoya syndromeinchildren.Methods Theclinicaldataof12childrenwithmoyamoyasyndromeadmittedto the 307th Hospital of People′s Liberation Army from December 2002 to October 2013 were analyzed retrospectively. Eleven of them underwent encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis (EDAS). A total of 550 children with moyamoya disease in the same period were used as a control group. The clinical characteristics and surgical efficacy of the children with moyamoya syndrome were summarized and concluded by comparing the clinical data of the two groups,including sex,age of onset,initial symptom,progress symptoms, Suzukiinstallments,imagingfeatures,andsurgicalefficacy.Results Themaleandfemaleratioof the children with moyamoya syndrome was 1∶2. Their mean age of onset was 12 ± 5 years old. There were significant differences in the initial symptom (cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage )and disease progress between the children with moyamoya syndrome group and the control group (5/12 vs. 14. 5%[80/550], 3/12 vs. 61. 8%[340/550],and 5/12 vs. 8.7%[48/550],respectively;all P<0. 05). Within the follow-up period,of the 11 children underwent EDAS,7 cases had no further attack,and 4 cases were improved significantly. There was significant difference in the modified Rankin scale (mRS)between the beforeandaftersurgery(0[0,1]vs.2[1,2];P<0.05).Conclusions Theclinicalfeaturesofthe children with moyamoya syndrome have some differences with those with moyamoya disease. Timely and effective EDAS treatment may effectively prevent disease progression and improve the prognosis of patients.

Moyamoya disease is a chronic progressive cerebrovascular occlusive disease of unknow n etiology. Transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) is a non -invasive ultrasonic examination that can detect the hemodynamic characteristics of intracranial large vessels. At present, there are more applications in screen, auxiliary diagnosis, and surgical outcome assessment in moyamoya disease. This article review s the current applications of TCD in moyamoya disease.

Objective To investigate the effects of antisense TIMP 1 on the interstitial collagen synthesis of fibrotic liver in rats. Methods Fibrosis was induced in the liver of rats with the injection of 60% CCl 4 and 5% alcohol. Recombinant antisense TIMP 1 gene mammalian expression vectors were construct and infused into the fibrotic liver of rats. The expressions of TIMP 1 mRNA, ?1(Ⅲ) mRNA and protein were determined by RT PCR, ISH and immunohistochemistry. The serum levels of PCⅠ, PCⅢ in rats were determined by RIA. Results Antisense TIMP 1 gene could markedly suppress the expression of endogenous TIMP 1 mRNA in the transfected liver of rats( P

Objective To investigated the application value in the efficacy evaluation of transcranial Doppler (TCD) in encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis (EDAS) for moyamoya disease. Methods The patients with moyamoya disease treated with EDAS conducted digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and TCD examinations before procedure and at 6 months after procedure respectively. The pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI) and mean flow velocity (MFV) before and after the superficial temporal artery surgery were measured respectively. The correlation between the TCD parameter variation rate and DSA efficacy grading was evaluated. Using the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve to calculate the optimal cut-off value of the TCD parameters for predicting the operation efficacy. Results A total of 46 patients with moyamoya disease were enroled, 40 patients were bilateral hemisphere involvement and 6 were unilateral involvement. A total of 86 hemispheres were treated with EDAS. According to the results of DSA reexaminations, the grades of efficacy were as folows: grade 0, 18 sides, grade 1, 37 sides, grade 2, 18 sides, and grade 3, 13 sides. When the DSA grade was 0, there were no significant differences in PI, RI and MFV before and after procedure, and there were significant differences in the postoperative change of other TCD parameters at al levels (al P < 0. 001). At 6 months after procedure, the change rates of PI, RI and MFV were - 30. 83% ± 21. 71% , - 19. 64% ± 14. 45% and 96. 08% ± 100. 76% , respectively, and they had good correlation with the results of DSA efficacy grading. Their Spearman correlation coefficients were- 0. 879, - 0. 891 and 0. 715, respectively (al P < 0. 001). ROC curve analysis showed that the best cutoff values of the TCD parameter change rates for predicting good operative effect were as folows: PI decrease rate, 36% (area under the curve, 0. 966; sensitivity, 0. 968, specificity, 0. 891; P < 0. 001), RI decrease rate, 27% (area under the curve, 0. 973; sensitivity, 0. 903, specificity, 0. 946; P < 0. 001), and MFV increase rate, 111% (area under the curve, 0. 879; sensitivity, 0. 742, specificity, 0. 927; P < 0. 001). Conclusions TCD can detect hemodynamic parameter changes of superficial temporal arteries after EDAS. It has higher application value in the long-term postoperative efficacy evaluation.

Objective　To obtain genetic characterization of the HA1 of new isolates of influenza A （H1N1） virus. Methods　Virus was amplified in embryonated chicken eggs， the virion DNA was transcribed into cDNA by reverse transcriptase， cDNA amplified by PCR， the products of PCR were purified. Afterward， DNA sequence analysis was performed by the dideoxy-mediated chain termination method， using synthetic oligo nucleotide primers. Results　The HA1 domain of new isolates of influenza A （H1N1） virus showed that their HA1 genes were 981 nucleotide in length coding for a HA1 protein with 327 amino acids， deletion of a glycosylation site and an amino acid. The homology of amino acid sequences of protein molecules on HA1 domains of new influenza A virus when compared with A／Guifang／10／94（H1N1） and A／Bayern ／07／95 （H1N1） viruses，was 92.8％ and 91.3％ respectively； The homology of amino acid sequences of protein molecules on HA1 domains of A／Jingjun／11／98（H1N1） when compared with A／Jingjun／13／98（H1N1） or A／Jingjun／807／97（H1N1） viruses，was as high as 98％； The homology of amino acid sequences of protein molecules on HA1 domains of A／Guifang／10／94（H1N1） when compared with A／Bayern／07／95（H1N1） viruses was as high as 96％. Conclusions　The HA1 gene of　new H1N1 virus strains is　different from those of A／Guifang／10／94 （H1N1） and A／Bayern／07／95（H1N1）， they will probably be new mutation strains.

Clinical death of patients often results in such strong psychological stress as anxiety,fear and depression among the family members.Behavior problems incurred by such negative feelings often lead medical disputes.Early psychological intervention upon death to the families can not only protect their mental health but also effectively prevent medical disputes from happening.An analysis of the psychological response and characteristics of such families presents the principles and practice for psychological counseling.Discussions in this regard may inspire hospital administrators in how to prevent medical disputes so incurred.